301

besides: ademas de

Who else do you really love besides your family?

vs.

beside = a lado de

Have you ever sat beside someone on public transport and this person started talking about their personal issues?

“Besides” is a preposition that means “in addition to” or “apart from”. It is often used to add extra information or to introduce another point or idea. For example, “Besides studying for the exam, I need to finish my project.”

On the other hand, “Beside” is a preposition that means “next to” or “at the side of”. It is used to indicate the location of something or someone in relation to another object or person. For example, “The book is beside the lamp.”

So, “besides” and “beside” have different meanings and uses. “Besides” is used to add extra information or to introduce another point or idea, while “beside” is used to indicate the location of something or someone in relation to another object or person.

302

on time = punctual

Why should we never be late and try to do things on time?

vs.

in time = con tiempo

Why is it better to do things in time rather than on time?

“On time” and “in time” are two different phrases that are often used in relation to time, and they have slightly different meanings.

“On time” means that something is done or arrives at the exact time it was scheduled or expected to happen. It refers to being punctual or timely. For example, “The train arrived on time” means that the train arrived at the scheduled time.

“In time” means that something is done or arrives with enough time to spare before a deadline or a scheduled event. It refers to having enough time or being timely enough to avoid being late. For example, “I finished my work in time for the meeting” means that the work was completed with enough time before the meeting started.

Therefore, “on time” and “in time” are not interchangeable. “On time” refers to punctuality and arriving or finishing at the scheduled time, while “in time” refers to having enough time to complete something before a deadline or an event.

303

 se = the reflexive pronoun in Spanish  

get tired = cansarse

How quickly do you get tired?

vs. 

get fired = te despiden no despedirse = es algo que otros hacen a ti

Why do people get fired in companies?

vs.

catch fire = encenderse = se se traduce como Catch

How do large areas in the wild catch fire?

In Spanish, “se” is a reflexive pronoun that is used to indicate that the action of the verb is being done to oneself or oneself is receiving the action. For example, “me lavo” means “I wash myself” and “se cortó” means “he/she/it cut himself/herself/itself”.

“Get tired” is “cansarse” in Spanish, and it can be used reflexively to indicate that the person is getting tired themselves. For example, “Me canso rápidamente” means “I get tired quickly”.

“Get fired” is “te despiden” in Spanish. This is not reflexive, but it is a passive construction that indicates that someone else (usually an employer) is doing the action of firing the person. For example, “¿Por qué te despidieron de la empresa?” means “Why were you fired from the company?”

“Catch fire” is “encenderse” in Spanish, and it is not reflexive either. However, the verb “catch” can be translated as “catch” in this context. For example, “¿Cómo se encienden grandes áreas en la naturaleza?” means “How do large areas in nature catch fire?”

In summary, “se” is the reflexive pronoun in Spanish, and it is used to indicate that the action of the verb is being done to oneself. “Get tired” is “cansarse” in Spanish and can be used reflexively. “Get fired” is “te despiden” in Spanish, and it is a passive construction indicating that someone else is doing the action. “Catch fire” is “encenderse” in Spanish, and “catch” can be translated as “catch” in this context.

304

infect = contagiar

Why/How does music infect people with its rhythm and makes them dance?

vs.

be infected

When was the last time you were infected with a bug?

vs. 

infectious/contagious

Which diseases are infectious/contagious?

The word “infect” refers to the process of spreading a disease or infection from one person to another, usually through contact with contaminated objects or surfaces. In Spanish, “infect” can be translated as “contagiar”.

The phrase “be infected” means that a person has contracted a disease or infection. It is used to describe the state of the person who has become ill due to the transmission of the disease. For example, “He was infected with COVID-19” means “He contracted the COVID-19 virus and became ill as a result.”

The terms “infectious” and “contagious” are often used interchangeably to describe diseases that can be spread from one person to another. These terms refer to the ability of a disease to be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person through various modes of transmission such as direct contact, respiratory droplets, or contaminated surfaces. For example, COVID-19 is an infectious/contagious disease that is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets from an infected person when they talk, cough or sneeze.

To summarize, “infect” means to spread a disease, “be infected” means to have contracted a disease, and “infectious/contagious” refer to the ability of a disease to be transmitted from one person to another.

305

impulse = impulso = lo que hacemos sin pensar

Why is it a bad idea to act on your impulse?

vs.

boost = impulsar

What kinds of things can boost sales of a product?

The word “impulse” can be translated into Spanish as “impulso”. It refers to a sudden urge or desire to do something without thinking about it beforehand. In this context, “impulse” can be used to describe actions or decisions that are made without much thought or consideration. For example, “I bought the dress on impulse” means “I bought the dress without thinking about it too much beforehand.”

On the other hand, the word “boost” can be translated into Spanish as “impulsar”. It means to help something or someone to increase or improve in a particular way. In this context, “boost” can be used to describe actions or efforts that are made to improve or enhance something. For example, “The new marketing campaign helped to boost sales” means “The new marketing campaign helped to increase sales.”

Therefore, while “impulse” and “impulso” refer to actions or decisions made without much thought or consideration, “boost” and “impulsar” refer to actions or efforts made to improve or enhance something.

306

devices = despositivos

Mention some devices.

vs. 

appliances = electrodomésticos

Mention some household appliances.

The words “devices” and “dispositivos” both refer to electronic gadgets or machines that are designed to perform a specific function. Devices can be portable or stationary and are usually controlled by software or digital inputs. Some examples of devices include smartphones, tablets, computers, cameras, and wearable devices.

On the other hand, the word “appliances” can be translated into Spanish as “electrodomésticos”. It refers to electrical machines or devices used in homes, businesses, or other settings to perform specific tasks or functions. Appliances are usually stationary and are designed for domestic use. Some examples of appliances include refrigerators, stoves, washing machines, dryers, and dishwashers.

To summarize, while “devices” and “dispositivos” refer to electronic gadgets or machines designed to perform a specific function, “appliances” and “electrodomésticos” refer to electrical machines or devices used in homes or other settings to perform specific tasks or functions.

307

ID card = DNI

When does your ID card expire?

vs.

DNA = adn

What kind of circumstances require a DNA test?

The term “ID card” refers to a small card or document that includes a person’s identification information, such as their name, photograph, and personal identification number. In Spanish, “ID card” can be translated as “DNI” (Documento Nacional de Identidad), which is the national identification document used in Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries.

On the other hand, “DNA” (deoxyribonucleic acid) refers to the genetic material that is found in every living organism. DNA contains the genetic instructions that determine the characteristics and traits of an organism. It is unique to each individual and is used for various purposes, such as identifying a person in forensic investigations, determining genetic disorders, and tracing ancestry.

In summary, “ID card” or “DNI” refers to a document used to identify a person, while “DNA” refers to genetic material unique to each individual that determines their characteristics and traits.

308

festival = festival

Mention some festivals you celebrate in your country.

vs.

local celebrations = fiestas del barrio

What do you do during your local celebrations?

vs.

carnival = carnaval

Where do they have the best carnival?

The word “festival” is used to refer to an event or celebration that is usually held to mark a special occasion, such as a religious holiday, cultural event, or artistic performance. In Spanish, “festival” is also used to refer to this type of event, and it can be used to describe any type of celebration, from music festivals to food festivals and more.

The term “local celebrations” can be translated into Spanish as “fiestas del barrio/ciudad/pueblo”. This refers to celebrations that are specific to a particular neighborhood or community. These celebrations may include cultural and religious events, food, music, dance, and other types of entertainment that are unique to the local community.

“Carnival” or “carnaval” refers to a festive season that is traditionally celebrated in many Catholic countries in the weeks leading up to Lent. It typically involves parades, costumes, music, and dancing, and is often associated with indulgence and excess before the more solemn period of Lent begins.

In summary, “festival” and “festival” refer to any type of celebration or event, “local celebrations” or “fiestas del barrio” refer to celebrations that are specific to a particular community, and “carnival” or “carnaval” refers to a festive season typically celebrated in many Catholic countries in the weeks leading up to Lent.

309

table = mesa

What colour is your dining table?

vs.

board = tabla de surf

Have you ever stood on a surf board?

vs.

board games = juegos de mesa

Which board-games have you played?

The word “table” is used to refer to a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, used as a surface for working at, eating from, or on which to place things. In Spanish, “table” can be translated as “mesa”.

“Board” can have several meanings depending on the context. One of these meanings is “tabla de surf” in Spanish, which refers to a long, narrow, buoyant board used in the sport of surfing. “Board” can also refer to a flat piece of wood, plastic, or other material used for various purposes, such as cutting, writing, or displaying information.

“Board games” or “juegos de mesa” are games played on a flat surface, typically with counters or pieces that are moved around on the surface. Examples of board games include chess, checkers, Monopoly, and Scrabble, among others.

In summary, “table” or “mesa” refers to a piece of furniture with a flat top and legs, “board” or “tabla de surf” refers to a long, narrow, buoyant board used in the sport of surfing, and “board games” or “juegos de mesa” refer to games played on a flat surface.

310 

curar – cura

heal: injuries = heridas

What can you use to heal an injury?

vs.

cure: enfermedades

When do you think they will find a cure for cancer?

vs.

priest = religious figure

Do you know any priests?

vs.

change of bandage = curas medicas

Have you ever had to go to the clinic for a change of bandage for a few days?

The verb “curar” in Spanish can have different meanings depending on the context. One of its meanings is “to heal” or “to cure” in English.

When we talk about healing an injury or wound, we use the verb “heal”. For example, “What can you use to heal an injury?” In Spanish, “heal” can be translated as “curar” or “sanar”, and “injuries” as “heridas”.

When we talk about curing an illness or disease, we use the verb “cure”. For example, “Is there a cure for cancer?” In Spanish, “cure” can be translated as “cura”, “curación”, or “tratamiento”.

The word “cura” can also refer to a priest or religious figure, especially in the Catholic Church. In this context, it is used to refer to a person who has been ordained and has the authority to perform religious ceremonies, such as mass, baptisms, and weddings.

Finally, the phrase “change of bandage” can be translated as “cambiar el vendaje” or “curas médicas” in Spanish. This refers to the process of changing the dressing or bandage on a wound or injury to promote healing and prevent infection.

In summary, “curar” can mean “to heal” or “to cure”, “heal” refers to the process of treating injuries or wounds, “cure” refers to the process of treating illnesses or diseases, “cura” can also refer to a priest or religious figure, and “change of bandage” or “curas médicas” refers to the process of changing the dressing or bandage on a wound or injury.

311

navigate = navegar (no por internet)

How do ships navigate through the oceans in very low visibility?

vs.

browse = navegar por internet

Which browser do you use to browse on the Internet?

The verb “navegar” in Spanish can have different meanings depending on the context. One of its meanings is “to navigate” or “to sail” in English.

When we talk about navigating in general, we use the verb “navigate”. For example, “The captain needs to navigate through the storm.” In Spanish, “navigate” can be translated as “navegar”.

When we talk about browsing the internet, we use the verb “browse”. For example, “I like to browse the internet in my free time.” In Spanish, “browse” can be translated as “navegar por internet” or “explorar la web”.

So, to summarize, “navigate” refers to the act of navigating in general, such as navigating through a storm or navigating through a forest, while “browse” refers specifically to the act of exploring the internet or browsing web pages.

312

WIFI = wifi

What are the benefits of having a WIFI connection?  

vs.

wifey = manera coloquial de decir mi mujer

Do you know of any other affectionate ways to refer to your spouse other than wifey?

“WIFI” refers to a wireless networking technology that allows devices to connect to the internet without the use of physical cables. The term “WIFI” is an acronym for “Wireless Fidelity.”

On the other hand, “wifey” is a colloquial term that some people use to refer to their wife or girlfriend. It is a term of endearment that is often used to show affection.

It is important to note that “WIFI” and “wifey” are completely different words with different meanings and contexts of use. “WIFI” refers to a technology for wireless internet access, while “wifey” is a slang term used for a romantic partner.

313

calificar

qualify = pasar a un nivel  

How does a team feel when it qualifies for the finals of a competition?

vs.

categorise = poner en grupos

What is the benefit of categorising your expenses?

In Spanish, “calificar” can have different meanings depending on the context.

When we use “calificar” in the sense of qualifying, it means to pass or meet a certain standard or level. For example, “To qualify for the next round of the competition, the athlete had to finish the race in under 10 seconds.” In Spanish, “qualify” can be translated as “calificar” or “clasificar”.

When we use “calificar” in the sense of categorizing or labeling something, it means to put something in a certain group or category based on specific criteria. For example, “The librarian had to calificar the books by subject and author.” In Spanish, “categorize” or “label” can be translated as “calificar” or “clasificar”.

In English, “qualify” and “categorize” are two different words with different meanings. “Qualify” refers to meeting a certain standard or level, while “categorize” refers to grouping or labeling something based on specific criteria.

314

cost of living = gastos  

Why is the cost of living becoming higher and higher?

vs.

cost of life = numero de muertos

What can be done to reduce the cost of life during natural disasters like earthquakes?

In English, “cost of living” and “cost of life” are two different phrases that have distinct meanings.

“Cost of living” refers to the amount of money needed to maintain a certain standard of living, including expenses such as housing, food, transportation, healthcare, and other necessities. For example, “The cost of living in this city is very high.”

On the other hand, “cost of life” is not a commonly used phrase, but it could be interpreted as the value or price of life, in terms of how much a person is willing to pay or sacrifice to preserve their own or someone else’s life. However, “cost of life” can also refer to the number of lives lost in a particular event or situation, such as a natural disaster or war. For example, “The cost of life in the earthquake was devastating, with over 10,000 fatalities.”

It is important to note that “cost of living” and “cost of life” are two different phrases with different meanings, and should not be used interchangeably.

315

live together = convivir = verb = family/home

living together = convivencia = family/home = noun

What are some problems that people have when living together in shared accommodation?

vs.

coexist = convivir = verb = communities/nature

coexistence = convivencia = noun

What do you think about our coexistence with other species?

What do you think about our coexistence with other races and cultures?

In Spanish, the verb “convivir” and the noun “convivencia” can have different meanings depending on the context.

When we use “convivir” in the context of family or home, it means to live together in the same household or share a common living space. For example, “The siblings had to learn to convivir peacefully under the same roof.” In this case, “convivir” is translated as “live together” in English.

When we use “convivir” in the context of communities or nature, it means to coexist or live together in harmony despite differences or conflicts. For example, “The different species of animals had to learn to convivir in the same habitat.” In this case, “convivir” is translated as “coexist” in English.

Similarly, “convivencia” can also have different meanings depending on the context. When used in the context of family or home, “convivencia” refers to the act of living together in the same household or sharing a common living space. For example, “The convivencia of the family was harmonious and peaceful.” In this case, “convivencia” is translated as “living together” in English.

When used in the context of communities or nature, “convivencia” refers to the coexistence or living together in harmony despite differences or conflicts. For example, “The convivencia of different cultures and religions in the city was a model for the rest of the country.” In this case, “convivencia” is translated as “coexistence” in English.

In summary, “convivir” and “convivencia” can refer to living together or coexisting in different contexts, whether it’s in a family/home environment or in communities/nature.

316

next future = incorrect

near future = futuro proximo

distant future = future lejano

Share some of your plans for the near future and the distant future.

vs.

recent past = pasado reciente

distant past = pasado distante

Share some fun experiences from the recent past and the distant past.

The phrases “next future” and “future próximo” are incorrect because the future is always considered to be “next” in relation to the present. Therefore, there is no need to use the word “next” when referring to the future.

Instead, “near future” or “futuro próximo” is the correct way to refer to events that are likely to happen soon, typically within a few days, weeks, or months.

“Distant future” or “futuro lejano” refers to events that are likely to happen far into the future, typically several years or decades away.

Similarly, the phrase “recent past” or “pasado reciente” refers to events that have occurred in the recent past, typically within the last few days, weeks, or months.

“Distant past” or “pasado lejano” refers to events that occurred in the distant past, typically several years, centuries, or millennia ago.

317

hard = duro/dificil

Describe some objects that are not soft but hard.

Talk about some hard situations people go through in life.

vs. 

hardly = apenas

Mention something you hardly know anything about.

The words “hard” and “hardly” are related in terms of their spelling and pronunciation, but they have very different meanings.

Hard: The word “hard” is used to describe something that is difficult, firm, or solid. For example, “This problem is really hard to solve” or “The wood is hard and sturdy.”

In Spanish, “hard” can be translated as “duro” or “difícil,” depending on the context. “Duro” refers to something that is physically hard or firm, like a rock or a diamond, while “difícil” refers to something that is challenging or complicated, like a math problem or a decision.

Hardly: The word “hardly” means “almost not” or “barely.” It is used to indicate that something is rare, infrequent, or unlikely. For example, “I hardly ever eat fast food” or “She could hardly contain her excitement.”

In Spanish, “hardly” can be translated as “apenas” or “casi no.” It implies that something is not common or that it is occurring only in small amounts or to a very limited degree.

So, while “hard” refers to something that is difficult or firm, “hardly” refers to something that is rare or barely happening.

318

tarrif = arancel/on import

Name some products that have really high tariffs.

vs.

custom duty = impuesto (import)

Why do governments set custom duty for products that are imported into the country?

vs.

duty= deber

What are our duties as members of society?

vs.

tax = impuestos de un pais

What kinds of taxes are you familiar with?

vs.

fare = for transport

Is the fare fair for public transport in your area?

vs.

fee = for sevices

Do you pay any fees?

Tariff, custom duty, duty, tax, fare, and fee are all different types of charges or levies imposed by governments or organizations, but they have different meanings and applications. Here’s an explanation of each:

Tariff: A tariff is a tax or duty that is levied on goods that are imported or exported from one country to another. Tariffs are often used as a way of protecting domestic industries from foreign competition by making imported goods more expensive.

Custom duty: Custom duty is a tax that is levied on goods when they cross the border into a country. It is similar to a tariff, but it specifically applies to goods that are being imported into a country. Custom duties are used to raise revenue for the government, as well as to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

Duty: Duty is a broad term that can refer to any type of tax or fee that is imposed by a government or organization. It can include tariffs, custom duties, and other types of charges.

Tax: A tax is a compulsory financial charge that is imposed by a government on individuals or businesses to raise revenue for public services and programs. Taxes can be levied on income, property, goods and services, and other types of financial transactions.

Fare: Fare is a charge that is paid for transportation services, such as public transit, taxis, or airlines. It is usually calculated based on the distance traveled or the time spent using the service.

Fee: A fee is a charge that is paid for a particular service or product. Fees can be imposed by governments, businesses, or organizations, and can include things like application fees, service fees, or membership fees.

In summary, tariff and custom duty are specific types of taxes on imported goods, duty is a broader term that can include various types of taxes and fees, tax is a general term for any compulsory financial charge, fare is a charge for transportation services, and fee is a charge for a particular service or product.

319

llegar a

arrive to = incorrect

arrive + in or at

How do you feel when you arrive in your own city after a long holiday?

What is the first thing you do after arrive at work/school?

vs.

get  to

How lond does it take to get to the capital of your country?

What kinds of things help you get to conclusions about difficult matters?

In Spanish, “llegar a” is a common phrase that can have different meanings depending on the context. In English, it can be translated to “arrive at” or “arrive in” in some cases, “get to” in others, and “arrive to” is generally considered incorrect.

Arrive + at: This is the most common way to translate “llegar a” when referring to a specific destination, such as a building, or a location. For example, “llegaré a la oficina a las nueve” can be translated as “I will arrive at the office at nine” or “I will get to the office at nine”.  Arrive + in: This is used to destination, such as a country or a region.

Get to: This can be used in every case. It’s the recommended way to express LLEGAR A until we can use the prepositions In and ON properly.

Arrive to: Although “arrive to” is sometimes used in informal or non-standard English, it is generally considered incorrect. Instead, the correct preposition to use after “arrive” is “at” or “in”, depending on the context.

In summary, “llegar a” can be translated to “arrive at” or “arrive in” when referring to a specific destination, “get to” when you don’t want to worry about the preposition, and “arrive to” is not considered correct in standard English.

320

trip = viaje o droga

do a trip = take LSD (LSD = acid trips/drugs)

What are the harms of doing trips?

vs. 

go on a trip

How often do you go on a trip?

In English, “trip” can have different meanings depending on the context. As a noun, “trip” commonly means a journey or vacation taken for pleasure or relaxation, which can be translated to “viaje” in Spanish. However, “trip” can also refer to a drug-induced experience or hallucination, which can be translated to “droga” in Spanish.

“Do a trip” is a slang term that specifically refers to taking the drug LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), which is commonly referred to as “acid”. In this context, “do a trip” means to take LSD and experience its hallucinogenic effects. This is not a standard use of the term “trip” and is considered informal.

On the other hand, “go on a trip” is a standard and commonly used phrase that means to take a journey or vacation for pleasure or relaxation. This can refer to any kind of travel, such as a road trip, a weekend getaway, or a vacation abroad.

In summary, “trip” can refer to a journey or vacation, or it can refer to a drug-induced hallucinogenic experience. “Do a trip” is a slang term that specifically refers to taking LSD, while “go on a trip” is a standard phrase that means to take a journey or vacation for pleasure or relaxation.

321

capacity = aforo

What happened to the capacity inside bars and restaurants during the pandemic? How has that changed now?

vs.

capacity = ability

How would you describe your capacity to learn?

It’s important to understand that “capacity” can have different meanings depending on the context.

When “capacity” refers to a physical space or venue, such as a stadium or theater, it is often used to indicate the maximum number of people that can be accommodated in that space. In this context, “capacity” can be translated to “aforo” in Spanish.

For example: “The capacity of the theater is 500 people” could be translated to “El aforo del teatro es de 500 personas.”

However, “capacity” can also refer to someone’s ability to do something or perform a task, such as a person’s mental or physical capacity. In this context, “capacity” can be translated to “habilidad” or “capacidad” in Spanish.

For example: “He has the capacity to learn quickly” could be translated to “Él tiene la capacidad de aprender rápido” or “Él tiene la habilidad de aprender rápido.”

In summary, “capacity” can have different meanings depending on the context. When it refers to a physical space, it can be translated to “aforo” in Spanish. When it refers to someone’s ability or capability, it can be translated to “habilidad” or “capacidad” in Spanish.

322

labour day = uno de mayo

How do you spend your day on labour day/May day?

vs.

working day = jornada laboral

How long should a working day be?

vs.

work contract = contrato laboral

labour contract = incorrect

Why do employers expect their employees to do duties which are not part of their work contract nowadays?

“Labour Day” is a public holiday that is observed in several countries, including the United States and Canada, on the first Monday of September to celebrate the contributions of workers. In other countries, such as Mexico and most of Latin America, “Labour Day” is celebrated on May 1st and is also known as “May Day”. In Spanish, “Labour Day” can be translated to “Día del Trabajo” or “Día Internacional del Trabajo” and “May Day” can be translated to “Día del Trabajo” or “Día Internacional de los Trabajadores”.

“Working day” refers to a day when someone is expected to work, such as from 9am to 5pm. In Spanish, “working day” can be translated to “jornada laboral”.

“Work contract” refers to a legal agreement between an employer and an employee that outlines the terms and conditions of their employment, including their responsibilities, duties, and compensation. In Spanish, “work contract” can be translated to “contrato laboral”.

It’s worth noting that “labour contract” is not a common term in English and is considered incorrect. The correct term in English is “work contract”.

In summary, “Labour Day” is a public holiday that celebrates the contributions of workers, “working day” refers to a day when someone is expected to work, and “work contract” refers to a legal agreement between an employer and an employee that outlines the terms and conditions of their employment.

323

waste = desechar/desecho

What kinds of things would you consider a waste? Why do people waste these things?

vs.

waist = cintura

How can you have a slim waist?

“Waste” and “waist” are two words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings.

“Waste” refers to materials that are no longer needed or wanted, such as trash, garbage, or discarded items. “To waste” means to use something in a way that is not necessary or to dispose of something that could still be useful. In Spanish, “waste” can be translated as “desechar” or “desecho”.

For example: “We need to separate our waste into recyclables and non-recyclables” can be translated to “Necesitamos separar nuestros desechos en reciclables y no reciclables.”

“Waist” refers to the part of the body between the hips and the ribs, often used to describe the narrowest part of the torso. In Spanish, “waist” can be translated to “cintura”.

For example: “The dress was too tight around the waist” can be translated to “El vestido era demasiado ajustado en la cintura.”

In summary, “waste” refers to materials that are no longer needed or wanted and can be translated to “desechar” or “desecho” in Spanish, while “waist” refers to the narrowest part of the torso and can be translated to “cintura” in Spanish.

324

survey = encuesta

Have you ever participated in a survey?

vs.

poll = encuesta (mas controlada)

Do you believe the results of the polls before the elections?

vs.

pole = polo

Have you ever used a pole to get at soemthing which was out of yoru reach?

How are the two poles, the north and the south, different from each other?

In English, “survey” refers to a method of collecting information or data from a sample of people to gain insight into their opinions, attitudes, or behaviors. In Spanish, “survey” can be translated as “encuesta”.

For example: “We conducted a survey to gather feedback from our customers” can be translated to “Realizamos una encuesta para recopilar opiniones de nuestros clientes”.

A “poll” is a similar method of collecting information or data, but it typically involves asking a specific question or set of questions to a group of people to gauge their opinions on a particular topic or issue. A poll can also refer to the results of such a survey or the process of voting in an election.

For example: “The latest poll shows that the majority of voters support the incumbent candidate” can be translated to “La última encuesta muestra que la mayoría de los votantes apoya al candidato actual”.

Finally, a “pole” refers to a long, slender piece of wood or metal that is used for support, as in a flagpole or telephone pole. In Spanish, “pole” can be translated as “polo”.

For example: “The flag was flying from the top of the pole” can be translated to “La bandera estaba ondeando desde la parte superior del poste”.

325

profession = profesión

Mention some high paying professions.

vs.

trade = las profesiones relacionadas con los gremios

Do you know anyone who has a trade?

vs.

to trade = comerciar/intercambiar

Which coutries trade with your country the most?

Have you ever traded something for another thing?

In English, “profession” refers to a type of occupation that requires specialized education, training, and skills, and is typically considered to be a respected or prestigious field. In Spanish, “profession” can be translated as “profesión” and it has a similar meaning.

For example: “She works in the medical profession as a doctor” can be translated to “Ella trabaja en la profesión médica como doctora”.

A “trade” refers to a type of occupation that involves working with one’s hands, such as a carpenter or electrician. It can also refer to a group of people who work in a specific industry or field, such as the printing trade or the construction trade. In Spanish, “trade” can be translated as “oficio” or “trabajo manual”, and it usually implies a type of job that requires a particular set of skills, but does not necessarily require advanced education or training.

For example: “He learned the trade of carpentry from his father” can be translated to “Aprendió el oficio de carpintería de su padre”.

“To trade” refers to the act of exchanging goods or services for money or other goods or services. It can also refer to the act of exchanging one thing for another, such as trading stocks or currencies. In Spanish, “to trade” can be translated as “comerciar” or “intercambiar”.

For example: “They traded their old car for a new one” can be translated to “Cambiaron su coche viejo por uno nuevo”.

326

strange = extraño

Mention something strange and explain why.

vs.

rare = muy exclusive/no existen muchos de esto 

mention soemthing rare.

vs.

unique = similar to rare/no existen mas de esto 

Mention something unique.

vs.

only = solo esto no el otro/justo esto

Who is the only person you call your best friend?

vs. 

just = justo de justicia/justo esto/solo

Is the justice system in your country just?

When was the last time you watched a movie jsut for a few minutes and then stopped watching it because it was boring?

In English, “strange” is used to describe something that is unusual or unexpected, and may be difficult to understand or explain. In Spanish, “strange” can be translated as “extraño”.

For example: “I had a strange dream last night” can be translated to “Tuve un sueño extraño anoche”.

“Rare” refers to something that is not commonly found or seen, or that is of a high quality or value. It can also mean that something is unusual or distinctive in a positive way. In Spanish, “rare” can be translated as “raro” which can also mean extraño. In English, it has a positive meaning and in Spanish, it has a positive and a negative meaning.

For example: “This book is a rare edition that is highly sought after by collectors” can be translated to “Este libro es una edición rara que es muy buscada por los coleccionistas”.

“Unique” is similar to “rare” in that it refers to something that is one-of-a-kind or highly unusual. It implies that there is nothing else like it. In Spanish, “unique” can be translated as “único”.

For example: “Her art is unique and cannot be replicated” can be translated to “Su arte es único y no se puede replicar”.

“Only” refers to a single thing or person, and implies that there is nothing else like it. It can also mean that something is exclusively for a particular purpose or group. In Spanish, “only” can be translated as “sólo” or “solamente”.

For example: “She is the only person who can solve this problem” can be translated to “Ella es la única persona que puede resolver este problema”.

“Just” has multiple meanings in English. It can mean fair, equitable, or impartial, as in “a just decision”. It can also mean exactly or precisely, as in “just one more minute”. In Spanish, “just” can be translated as “justo” or “exacto”.

For example: “He received a just punishment for his actions” can be translated to “Recibió un castigo justo por sus acciones”. “It’s just what I was looking for” can be translated to “Es justo lo que estaba buscando”.

327

law firm/lawyer’s office = camara de abogados  

What would it be like to work in a law firm/lawyer’s office?

vs.

chamber of commerce = camara de comercio

What is the role of the chamer of commerce in a region?

vs.

chamber = camara = general

Have you watched a movie that had a secret chamber in it?

 In English, a “law firm” or “lawyer’s office” refers to a business that provides legal services to clients, often specializing in specific areas of law such as corporate law, criminal law, or family law. In Spanish, this can be translated as “camara de abogados”.

“Chamber of commerce” refers to an organization that represents businesses in a specific geographic area or industry, advocating for their interests and providing resources and support to help them thrive. In Spanish, this can be translated as “camara de comercio”.

“Chamber” is a general term that can refer to any type of organization or group, including a legislative chamber even a place used for these purposes or a camera (photography), for example. In Spanish, “chamber” can also be translated as “camara”, but it is a more general term without a specific industry or focus.

328

remains = los restos

If a tourist dies abroad, what normally happens to their remains?

vs.

remain = permanecer

When was the last time your family went on holiday and you remained at home?

What is the best way to remain happy despite all the pressures of life?

vs.

ruins = ruinas

Have you ever visited any ruins?

vs.

a rest = decanso

Why is a rest important at regular intervals?

vs.

arrest = arrestar

Have you ever seen the police arresting someone?

“Remains” refers to the parts or pieces that are left over after something has been destroyed or used up. In Spanish, it can be translated as “los restos”.

“Remain” means to stay in a particular place or position, or to continue to exist. In Spanish, it can be translated as “permanecer”.

“Ruins” refers to the remains of a building or structure that has been destroyed or fallen into disrepair. In Spanish, it can be translated as “ruinas”.

“A rest” refers to a period of relaxation or a break from activity. In Spanish, it can be translated as “descanso”.

“Arrest” means to take someone into custody, usually by a law enforcement officer, for a suspected crime or wrongdoing. In Spanish, it can be translated as “arrestar”.

329

hot = caliente/sexy/picante/intenso = adjective

Mention some hot countries.

Mention a hot celebrity.

Mention seome hot food.

Have you ever been in a hot debate?

vs.

heat = calor = noun

What do you use to heat your house in the Winter?

vs. 

warm = calido/templado

Do you prefer to shower with cold wáter or warm wáter?

vs.

warmth = calor/calidez/cordialidad/el abrigo

Describe the last time you went to someone’s house and you felt warmth of temperatura and the warmth of welcome.

vs.

warm up = before exercise

Why is it important to warm up before doing exercise?

“Hot” is an adjective that can have several meanings in English, including being physically warm, spicy, intense, or sexually attractive. Can you give me an example sentence using “hot” to describe something that is physically warm? How about something that is spicy?

“Heat” is a noun that refers to the energy that is produced when molecules move and collide, resulting in a rise in temperature. Can you give me an example of something that produces heat? How is “heat” different from “hot”?

“Warm” is an adjective that refers to a moderate degree of heat or feeling comfortable and cozy. Can you give me an example sentence using “warm” to describe something that is moderately hot? How about something that feels comfortable and cozy?

“Warmth” can have several meanings, including the physical sensation of being warm, the quality of being friendly and welcoming, or the feeling of being protected and supported. Can you give me an example of how “warmth” can be used to describe a person’s behavior or personality? How about the physical sensation of being warm?

“Warm up” is a verb phrase that means to prepare your body for physical activity by doing gentle exercises to increase your heart rate and flexibility. Can you give me an example of how to warm up before a workout? Why is it important to warm up before exercising?

330

matricula

enrolment = education

How does enrolment work in schools and universities?

vs.

number plate/car license plate = vehicles

What is the number plate of your family car?

vs.

joining fees/registration fees = activities

How much is the joining fees/registration fees for your local gym?

“Matricula” is a word in Spanish that can have different meanings depending on the context.

In the context of education, “matrícula” refers to the act of enrolling in a course, program or school. So, “matrícula” can be translated as “enrolment” in English. For example, “la matrícula de la universidad aumentó este año” would mean “the university enrolment increased this year”.

On the other hand, in the context of vehicles, “matrícula” refers to the official identification number that is assigned to a vehicle and displayed on its license plate or number plate. Therefore, “matrícula” can be translated as “car license plate” or simply “number plate” in English. For example, “la matrícula de mi coche es 1234 ABC” would mean “the license plate of my car is 1234 ABC”.

Finally, in the context of activities such as clubs or organizations, “matrícula” can refer to the joining or registration fees that must be paid in order to become a member or participate in an activity. Therefore, “matrícula” can be translated as “joining fees” or “registration fees” in English. For example, “la matrícula del club de tenis es de 100 euros al año” would mean “the registration fee for the tennis club is 100 euros per year”.

331

developer = real estate/property

What are some of the challenges faced by a developer?

vs.

promoter = sports/events

What are the challenges faced by a promoter?

vs.

real estate agent

vs.

real estate broker

The statement “developer = real estate/property” suggests that a developer is someone who works in the real estate industry, specifically in developing properties or building structures. They are involved in the planning, design, construction, and management of buildings or housing projects.

On the other hand, the statement “promoter = sports/events” suggests that a promoter is someone who is involved in organizing and promoting sports or events. They are responsible for marketing the event, selling tickets, and ensuring that everything runs smoothly on the day of the event.

Next, real estate agents and brokers both work in the industry of buying, selling, and renting properties. Agents work on behalf of brokers and help clients through the transaction process, while brokers have additional education and experience requirements, can work independently or run their own brokerage firm, and may supervise agents.

Finally, a broker is a licensed professional who acts as an intermediary between buyers and sellers of all kinds of financial products or services. They provide market information, advice, and execute orders on behalf of clients for a commission or fee. Brokers play a critical role in the financial industry by connecting buyers and sellers and helping clients achieve their financial goals.

332

into = used with movement only

When was the last time you jumped into water from a high place?

vs.

inside = cuando ya esta dentro

How do/would you feel when you are inside your parent’s house compared to your in law’s house?

vs.

in = se usa con verbos de movimiento y de estar en un sitio

Have you ever walked in and stayed in your room for two days without going out?

In English, “into” is typically used to indicate movement or direction towards the interior of a space or object. It implies a change in position from the outside to the inside. For example, “He walked into the building” indicates that the subject was outside the building and then moved inside it.

“On the other hand, “inside” is used to describe the location of something when it is already in a particular space or object. It refers to the position of something within the interior of a place or object. For example, “The book is inside the box” means that the book is already located within the interior of the box.

Finally, “in” is a preposition that can be used with both verbs of motion and verbs of being in a particular place. It can indicate being located within a space, as well as movement towards the interior of a space or object. For example, “He is in the room” describes the subject’s location, while “She walked in the room” describes the subject’s movement towards the interior of the room.

333

the main = la entrada prinicipal/protagonist/problema etc

Who played the main character in the last movie you saw?

Describe the main entrance of the last building you were in.

What’s the main problem affecting yoru country nowadays?

vs.

principle = los principios

Why is it important to have principles in life?

vs.

principal = director de colegio

What is included in the job of a principal?

vs.

in principle = en principio

In principle, do you believe that people should have the freedom to express their opinions, even if those opinions are controversial or offensive to others?

“The main” refers to the central element, protagonist, or problem in a given context or situation. It indicates something of primary importance or significance.

“Principle” refers to a fundamental truth, rule, or belief that guides behavior or actions. It represents a general idea or value system.

“Principal” refers to the head or director of a school or educational institution.

“In principle” means that something is based on a general rule, concept, or assumption, but it may not necessarily be applied or implemented in practice. It indicates a theoretical or conceptual standpoint.

334

cyclist = on a bicycle

How are the roads in your city for cyclists?

vs.

biker = on a motorbike

Do you know a biker who is in a biker gang?

vs.

motorist = in a car

What are some common problems that a motorist faces when driving their car?

vs.

motor = runs a machine

Have you ever seen a water motor?

vs. 

engine = runs a vehicle

Which make and model has the best engine?

vs. 

make and model = for vehicles

What is your favourite make and model?

vs.

brand = for any product

Mention some popular brands and your opinions about them.

vs.

gears = marchas de un vehiculo

Do you prefer manual gears or automatic gears in a car?

“Cyclist” refers to a person who rides a bicycle.

“Biker” refers to a person who rides a motorbike or motorcycle.

“Motorist” refers to a person who drives a car or operates a motor vehicle.

“Motor” refers to a device or component that powers or runs a machine.

“Engine” refers to a machine that converts energy into mechanical power, typically used in vehicles.

“Make and model” refers to the specific manufacturer and version of a vehicle.

“Brand” refers to the name or logo associated with a particular product or company.

“Gears” refers to the different speed options or ratios in a vehicle, used to control its movement or power.

335

scenario = situation and the context

vs. 

stage = used for a show

vs.

set = for a movie

“Scenario” refers to a specific situation or context in which events or actions unfold. It encompasses the overall circumstances, background, and conditions surrounding a particular event or occurrence.

“Stage” typically refers to a designated area or platform used for performances, such as in theater, where actors or performers present their acts or plays to an audience.

“Set” commonly refers to the collection of physical elements, props, and scenery arranged to create a specific environment or location for a movie or television production.

In summary, a “scenario” pertains to a situation and its context, while a “stage” is a platform for performances, and a “set” is the arrangement of props and scenery for visual media production.

336

old people = las personas viejas

vs.

ancient people = las personas de la historia muy antigua

“Old people” refers to individuals who are advanced in age or elderly. It is a general term used to describe older individuals in comparison to younger age groups.

“Ancient people” refers to individuals who lived in a historical period that occurred a long time ago. It typically refers to people who lived in ancient civilizations or historical eras that predate the present.

In summary, “old people” refers to elderly individuals, while “ancient people” refers to individuals who lived in historical times that are very distant in the past.

337

me robaron = they stole me = incorrect

Does the verb steal uses the same structre as the verb Take? Yes

You take something from someone

you steal soemthing from someone

steal is followed by its object

if you steal me, this means me llevas contigo which is secuestro and secuestro means kidnap

people steal things from other people

Has anyone ever stolen something grom you?

Why shoulnd’t we steal things from others?

How would you teach your kids not to steal things from others?

In Spanish, the phrase “me robaron” is commonly used to express that someone had something stolen from them. However, when translated directly to English as “they stole me,” it becomes incorrect because it doesn’t convey the intended meaning.

The verb “steal” in English follows a similar structure as the verb “take.” You can say, “You take something from someone,” and similarly, “You steal something from someone.” In both cases, the verb is followed by its object.

So, in English, you would say, “They stole something from me” to express that someone took something that belonged to you without permission. The object (the thing being stolen) comes after the verb “stole.”

It’s important to note that the verb “steal” refers to taking something without permission or unlawfully, not to physically taking a person. If someone were to physically take you without your consent, that would be considered kidnapping, which is a different act entirely.

338

reputation = ethics

How do you get a good or a bad reputation at work/school?

vs.

fame = celebrity

Why do so many people go to the extremes for fame?

Reputation and fame both relate to how people perceive and know about someone, but there are some differences between the two.

Reputation refers to what others think about a person based on their behavior, actions, and character. It is built over time through interactions and experiences with others. Reputation is often specific to a certain community or social circle and can be positive or negative. It is more about the overall impression a person leaves on others, their trustworthiness, and how they are seen by their peers.

On the other hand, fame is about being widely recognized or known by a large number of people. It often comes from achieving something notable, such as a talent, accomplishment, or public recognition. Fame is usually associated with being well-known to the general public or having a wide audience. It can bring attention, popularity, and a certain level of public interest.

To summarize, reputation is focused on how others perceive and evaluate a person’s character and actions within a specific community, while fame is about being widely recognized and known by a large audience, often due to notable achievements or public attention.

339

university entrance exam = selectividad

Do you know anyone who is preparing for a university entrance exam?

vs.

public examinations = oposiciones

Why do they have these public examinations?

“University entrance exam” refers to a standardized test or examination that students take in order to gain admission to a university or college. It assesses their knowledge and skills in various subjects and is often a requirement for university admissions.

“Public examinations,” commonly known as “oposiciones” in Spanish, are exams conducted by government or public institutions to select candidates for specific job positions or roles. These exams aim to assess the qualifications, knowledge, and skills of candidates and determine their eligibility for employment in public sectors such as civil service, education, or healthcare.

In summary, a “university entrance exam” is an assessment taken by students for admission to a university, while “public examinations” or “oposiciones” are exams conducted by government institutions to select candidates for specific job positions.

340

market garden = huerta para vender

vs.

vegetable garden = huerta para uso personal

Which one of these would you prefer to have: a market garden or a vegetable garden?

“Market garden” refers to a cultivated area or plot of land where fruits, vegetables, and other plants are grown for the purpose of selling or commercial purposes. It involves the production of crops for the market, typically for profit.

“Vegetable garden” refers to a cultivated area or plot of land where vegetables are grown for personal use or consumption. It is usually smaller in scale and maintained by individuals or families to grow vegetables for their own consumption, rather than for commercial purposes.

In summary, a “market garden” is a cultivated area primarily focused on growing crops for sale or commercial purposes, while a “vegetable garden” is a smaller-scale garden primarily intended for personal use or consumption.

341

legacy = legado

What is the legacy that you want to leave behind?

vs.

legality = legalidad

Why should we look into the legality of a contract before siging it?

“Legacy” refers to something that is passed down or inherited from the past, often in the form of values, traditions, or possessions. It represents the impact or influence left behind by a person, group, or previous generation.

“Legality” refers to the state or quality of being in accordance with the law. It pertains to the adherence and conformity to legal principles, regulations, and requirements.

In summary, “legacy” refers to the inheritance or impact from the past, while “legality” refers to compliance with the law or legal principles.

342

incredible = maravilloso

Talk about an incredible movie/book.

vs.

unbelievable = no se puede creer

What’s the most unbelievable thing you have read?

“Incredible” means something that is extremely impressive, astonishing, or marvelous. It denotes a sense of wonder and admiration.

“Unbelievable” refers to something that is difficult or impossible to believe or accept as true. It suggests skepticism or disbelief.

In summary, “incredible” describes something that is marvelous or amazing, while “unbelievable” conveys that something is difficult to believe or accept as true.