251

poisoning = intoxicación                             

What are some common causes of food poisoning?

vs. 

intoxication – inebriation = embriaguez

Why is even a little intoxication illegal while driving?

vs.

drunk = borracho

What are some common silly things that drunk people do?

vs. 

tipsy = achispado

How can a tipsy person make sure that they stay that way?

vs. 

be legless = estar tan borracho que no puedes estar de pie

Have you ever had to help someone who was legless?

In English, the term for poisoning is “poisoning,” while in Spanish, it is “intoxicación.” The term “intoxicación” is also used in Spanish to refer to intoxication, which in English is the state of being affected by alcohol or drugs.

Common causes of food poisoning, or envenenamiento de alimentos in Spanish, include contaminated food and water that can contain bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

In English, the reason why even a little intoxication is illegal while driving is due to impaired judgment, reaction time, and coordination, which can lead to accidents. In Spanish, the term for this is “embriaguez,” and the same laws apply.

In English, the term for someone who is drunk is “drunk” or “intoxicated,” while in Spanish, it is “borracho.”

In English, the term for someone who is tipsy is “tipsy,” while in Spanish, it is “achispado.” If a tipsy person wants to maintain their level of intoxication, they should avoid drinking too much too quickly and stay hydrated by drinking water between alcoholic drinks.

In English, the term for someone who is so drunk they cannot stand or walk properly is “legless.” In Spanish, the term for this is “estar tan borracho que no puedes estar de pie.”

252

minor crime = delito

Do you consider fraud a minor crime or a serious crime?

vs.

crime – serious crime = crimen – delincuencia – delito

Give examples of some minor and serious crimes. 

vs. 

delinquency = delincuencia juvenil

What are the causes of delinquency in young people?

The difference between English and Spanish terms for minor crime is that in English it is commonly referred to as “minor crime,” while in Spanish it is “delito.” The term “delito” can also be used to refer to serious crimes.

In contrast, the English term for serious crime is “crime,” while in Spanish it is “crimen.” Additionally, the Spanish term “delincuencia” can be used to refer to criminal behavior or delinquency in general, while the English term “delinquency” specifically refers to criminal behavior committed by minors or juveniles, which is referred to in Spanish as “delincuencia juvenil.”

Examples of minor crimes in English can include things like traffic violations, minor drug offenses, and petty theft. Examples of serious crimes in English can include things like murder, rape, and other violent crimes.

In Spanish, “delito” can refer to both minor and serious crimes, while “crimen” specifically refers to serious crimes like murder. “Delincuencia” can refer to a wider range of criminal behavior, including minor and serious offenses. “Delincuencia juvenil” specifically refers to criminal behavior committed by minors or juveniles.

Understanding these differences in terminology can be helpful when communicating with others about criminal behavior and justice systems in different languages and cultures.

253

 for vs. by

1: This painting is for you, and it was made by your mum with a new paint brush. 

vs.

2: This painting was made by you for your mum.

Which one means para?

Which one means por in the passive sentences?

In which sentence, you are the recipient?

In which sentence, you are the giver?

By = por = passive sentences

Who was Don Quixote written by?

Who was The Mona Lisa painted by?

vs,

For = para

What do you use your mobile for?

Who did you buy gifts for at Christmas?

vs.

by = al lodo de

Do you have a river that you can walk by admiring the beauty of nature?

Have you ever sat by the phone at home thinking of calling someone and then didn’t do it?

vs. 

on = por (internet y despositivos?

Who do you talk to the most on the phone?

What do you like watching on TV?

What kind of stuff do they have on on the radio?

How much time do you spend online/on the Internet?

for = durante + periodo

When was the last time you went on vacation for a month?

Have you been working in your current company for over a year?

Have you been living in your current house for over six months?

vs.

during = durante + sustantivo

What did you do during your summer holidays?

What do you normally do during your winter holidays?

How can you get students to focus during their class?

Understanding the proper use of prepositions is an important aspect of mastering a language. In English, there are many prepositions that have multiple meanings and uses, and two of the most common are “for” and “by.” In this article, we’ll explore the different meanings and uses of these prepositions in different contexts.

“For” is often used to indicate the purpose or intended recipient of an action or object. For example, in the sentence “This painting is for you,” the preposition “for” indicates that the painting is intended to be given to the listener as a gift. Similarly, in the sentence “What do you use your mobile for?”, the preposition “for” indicates the purpose for which the mobile device is used.

In contrast, “by” is often used to indicate the agent or performer of an action in the passive voice. For example, in the sentence “This painting was made by your mom,” the preposition “by” indicates that the mother is the agent who created the painting. Similarly, in the question “Who was Don Quixote written by?”, the preposition “by” indicates the author who wrote the book.

In addition, “by” can also indicate proximity or location next to something. For example, in the sentence “Do you have a river that you can walk by admiring the beauty of nature?”, the preposition “by” indicates that the river is adjacent to the path where the person is walking.

“On” is another preposition with multiple meanings and uses. One common use of “on” is to indicate the medium or platform on which something is transmitted or viewed. For example, in the question “What do you like watching on TV?”, the preposition “on” indicates that the TV is the medium on which the person likes to watch programs.

“For” can also be used to indicate a period of time during which an action takes place. For example, in the sentence “When was the last time you went on vacation for a month?”, the preposition “for” indicates the length of time during which the vacation took place.

Finally, “during” is another preposition that is commonly used to indicate a period of time, but it is typically followed by a noun rather than a time phrase. For example, in the question “What did you do during your summer holidays?”, the preposition “during” is followed by the noun “summer holidays” to indicate the period of time during which the action took place.

In conclusion, understanding the proper use of prepositions is important for effective communication in English. Whether you are indicating purpose, location, time, or agency, the correct preposition can help to clarify your meaning and ensure that you are understood by your listeners or readers.

254

ease – finding things easy to do = facilidad

Do you find it easy to learn new concepts?

vs. 

facility = instalación

Which hospital has the best facilities in your city? Describe them.

The word “ease” refers to the state of finding things easy to do. It suggests a sense of comfort and effortlessness in performing a task. For example, if someone says they have ease in learning new concepts, it means they find it effortless to learn and understand new ideas.

On the other hand, the word “facility” refers to a physical location or infrastructure that is designed for a specific purpose. It can refer to a building, an equipment, or an installation that is intended to serve a particular function or activity. For example, a hospital facility refers to the buildings, equipment, and staff that are available to provide medical treatment to patients. A sports facility can refer to a stadium, a gym, or a training center where athletes can practice and compete.

In summary, “ease” refers to the subjective experience of finding something easy to do, while “facility” refers to a physical place or infrastructure that is designed to facilitate a specific activity or function.

255

language = idioma                         

Which languages are popular nowadays?

vs. 

idiom = modismo

Tell me a couple of English idioms that you know.

The terms “language” and “idioma” both refer to a system of communication that is specific to a particular group of people. In English, the term “language” is used to refer to a specific system of communication, such as English, Spanish, French, etc. It can also be used more broadly to refer to the ability to communicate in general, as in “I speak the language of business.”

In Spanish, “idioma” is often used to refer to a specific language, such as “el idioma español” (the Spanish language), “el idioma inglés” (the English language), etc. However, “idioma” can also be used more broadly to refer to any system of communication used by a particular group of people, such as a dialect or jargon.

The term “idiom” in English refers to a particular phrase or expression that is unique to a specific language or culture. It is often used synonymously with “colloquialism” or “slang.” An example of an idiom in English would be “kick the bucket,” which means to die.

In Spanish, the term “modismo” is used to refer to a similar concept as an idiom. It refers to a particular phrase or expression that is unique to a specific language or culture, and cannot be directly translated into another language without losing its intended meaning. An example of a modismo in Spanish would be “ponerse las pilas,” which literally means “to put on the batteries,” but is used to mean “to get motivated” or “to get to work.”

256

monkfish = rape

Have you ever eaten monkfish?              

vs. 

rape = violación

Why do some people rape?

vs.

barber = rapista               

Did your dad go to the barber for a shave or do it himself at home?

vs. 

rapist = violador

What should be the punishment for a rapist?

It’s important to note that the word “rape” can have different meanings and translations depending on the context and language.

In English, “monkfish” refers to a type of fish, while “rape” refers to the act of sexual assault. These are two completely different words with different meanings and uses.

In Spanish, “rape” refers to a type of fish, which is the equivalent of “monkfish” in English. Therefore, in this context, “monkfish” and “rape” can be considered equivalent words.

However, “rape” can also be translated to “violación” in Spanish, which means sexual assault or rape in the criminal sense. It’s important to distinguish between the two meanings to avoid confusion or offense.

On the other hand, “rapist” is the English word for someone who commits sexual assault or rape. In contrast, “rapista” in Spanish is a barber.

257

event = suceso

What is the most intersting event of this/last year for you?

vs. 

success = éxito

What kinds of things lead to success in life?

vs.

exit = salida

Did you have to pay at the entrance or the exit of the last car park you went to?

vs.

opportunity = salida

What opportunities does an engineering degree give you?

event = suceso: An event refers to an occurrence or happening of significance. It can be a planned or unplanned occurrence, and can range from a simple gathering to a major incident.

success = éxito: Success refers to achieving a desired outcome or goal. It is often associated with accomplishment, recognition, and satisfaction.

exit = salida: Exit refers to a way out or a point of departure. It can refer to a physical exit, such as a door or an exit ramp, or a figurative exit, such as leaving a job or a relationship.

opportunity = oportunidad: Opportunity refers to a favorable circumstance or chance to do something. It can be a chance for personal or professional growth, advancement, or achievement.

258

aroused = excitado                        

How do professional people control being aroused at work?

vs. 

excited = emocionado

What kinds of things make you excited?

“Aroused” and “excited” are two words that can be used to describe a person’s emotional state, but they have different meanings and implications.

“Aroused” typically refers to a state of sexual arousal or stimulation. It can describe physical responses such as increased heart rate, blood flow, and sexual desire. This word is often used in a sexual context and is generally not appropriate in other situations.

“Excited,” on the other hand, is a more general term that describes a feeling of enthusiasm, anticipation, or happiness. It can be used to describe a wide range of emotions, from excitement about a new job or a trip to feeling thrilled about a sports game or a concert. Unlike “aroused,” “excited” can be used in a variety of contexts and is not limited to sexual situations.

In Spanish, “aroused” can be translated as “excitado,” but it typically implies sexual arousal. “Excited,” on the other hand, can be translated as “emocionado,” “entusiasmado,” or “ilusionado,” depending on the context.

259

detention & apprehension = aprehensión/comprension

How would you survive a long term detention psychologically?

Have you ever seen anyone help the police apprehend a criminal in a public place?

Do you have any apprehensions about the current state of the world or are you satisfied with everything?

Do you have enough knowledge of politics for a proper apprehension of the topic?

While detention and apprehension can both refer to someone being held or restrained in some way, there are some subtle differences between the two terms.

Detention typically refers to a temporary holding, often by law enforcement or school officials, for disciplinary or investigatory purposes. For example, a student might be placed in detention after breaking school rules, or a suspect might be held in detention while police conduct an investigation.

On the other hand, apprehension typically refers to the act of taking someone into custody, often by law enforcement, because they are suspected of committing a crime. For example, a suspect might be apprehended by police officers who have a warrant for their arrest.

In Spanish, both detention and apprehension can be translated as “aprehensión” or “comprensión,” although “detención” may be used more often to refer to detention, while “aprehensión” may be used more often to refer to apprehension. However, the context in which the terms are used can also help determine the appropriate translation.

260

final = the last part of an event or program

Do you like watching the whole competition or just the final?

vs. 

finale = climax of an event or program

What happened during the finale of your favourite series?

The main difference between “final” and “finale” is their level of intensity and significance in an event or program. “Final” refers to the last part of an event or program, which may or may not be particularly significant or climactic. It is simply the ending portion of something. On the other hand, “finale” refers specifically to the climax or most important part of an event or program. It is the grand conclusion, often involving heightened emotion or action, and can be considered the highlight of the entire event or program. In short, “final” is the end, while “finale” is the grand ending.

261

cooker (aparato)

Which one do you prefer to cook on: a gas cooker or an electric cooker?

vs. 

cook (person)

Who is the best cook you know?

vs. 

Chef (a professional cook managing a team in a kitchen)

What are the duties of a chef?

The term “cooker” typically refers to a household appliance used for cooking food, such as a stove or oven. It is a mechanical or electrical device used for heating and preparing food.

A “cook” is a person who prepares food for consumption. This can be a professional cook or a home cook, and they may use a variety of cooking techniques and equipment, including the aforementioned cookers.

A “chef” is a professional cook who typically manages a team of cooks and oversees the kitchen in a restaurant or other food service establishment. They are responsible for menu planning, recipe development, and ensuring the quality and consistency of the food served. Chefs typically have extensive culinary training and experience, and may specialize in particular types of cuisine.

262

Look vs. Look like

Look + adjective

Do you know anyone who looks younger than they are?

vs.

Look like + noun

Do you look like anyone in your family?

The verb “look” can be followed by an adjective to describe a person or thing’s appearance, such as “She looks tired” or “The sky looks beautiful.”

On the other hand, “look like” is followed by a noun or a pronoun to describe a resemblance or similarity, such as “She looks like her mother” or “That building looks like a spaceship.”

In other words, “look” + adjective refers to the actual appearance of someone or something, while “look like” + noun refers to the perceived similarity or resemblance to another person or thing.

263

lose someone = muere la persona

How should you console someone who has lost someone close?

vs.

lose contact with someone = perder el contacto

Talk about someone you wish you hadn’t lost contact with.

vs.

fall out with someone = dejar de hablar por discutir mal

Why do people fallo ut with their friends?

“lose someone” typically means that a person has died or passed away. It can also mean that someone has gone missing and cannot be found.

“On the other hand, “lose contact with someone” means that two people who used to communicate regularly or have a relationship have stopped communicating with each other. It does not necessarily mean that the person has died or gone missing.

Lastly, “fall out with someone” means to have a disagreement or argument with someone that causes a rift in the relationship. It does not necessarily mean that the relationship is completely over, but it does imply that there is a problem that needs to be resolved in order to restore the relationship.

264

competition = competencia

How should a business deal with the competition in the market?

vs.

competence = habilidad

What qualities are necessary for someone to show competence in their job?

The difference between “competition” and “competence” is that “competition” refers to the rivalry between two or more businesses or entities competing for the same customers or market share. It can also refer to a contest or game in which individuals or teams compete against each other. For example, a business may need to develop strategies to stay ahead of the competition and attract customers.

On the other hand, “competence” refers to the ability, skill, or proficiency of an individual to perform a particular task or job. It is the quality of being able to do something well. For example, an employee may be considered competent in their job if they have the necessary knowledge, skills, and experience to perform their duties effectively.

In Spanish, “competition” is translated as “competencia” and “competence” is translated as “habilidad.” It is important to note that “habilidad” can also be translated as “skill” or “ability,” depending on the context.

265

headphones = oriculares vs. a headset = oriculares con microfono

Compare headphones to a headset.  

vs.

speakers = altavoces

What are the harms of turning your speakers up completely all the time?

Headphones and headsets are both devices used for listening to audio privately. The main difference between them is that headphones do not typically have a built-in microphone, whereas headsets do. Headphones are primarily designed for listening to music or other audio content without disturbing others, while headsets are often used for communication purposes such as making phone calls or participating in online meetings.

Speakers, on the other hand, are devices used for listening to audio publicly, as they are designed to amplify sound and project it into a room or space. Speakers can be standalone devices or built into other devices such as TVs, computers, or mobile phones.

In Spanish, headphones are commonly referred to as “auriculares,” while headsets are called “auriculares con micrófono.” Speakers are typically referred to as “altavoces.”

266

distress = poner estrés

What kinds of things distress people?

vs.

de-stress = quitar el esters

What kinds of things help people to de-stress?

Distress and De-stress have different meanings in English.

Distress refers to a state of extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain, often caused by external factors such as a traumatic event or a difficult situation. For example, “She was in distress after losing her job.”

De-stress, on the other hand, means to relieve or reduce stress. It refers to actions or activities that help you relax and unwind, such as meditation, exercise, or spending time with loved ones. For example, “I like to de-stress by taking a hot bath after work.”

In Spanish, “distress” could be translated as “angustia” or “dolor emocional,” while “de-stress” could be translated as “reducir el estrés” or “relajarse.”

267

far = used only in questions (the answer would use the word AWAY)

How far do you live from the centre of your town?

vs.

away = used in questions and answer

How many minutes away from your parents do your grandparents live?

The word “far” is typically used only in questions to inquire about distance, whereas “away” can be used in both questions and answers to refer to distance or the amount of time it takes to get somewhere. For example, “How far do you live from the center of town?” would typically be answered with “I live 10 miles away,” using the word “away” to indicate the distance. On the other hand, “How many minutes away from your parents do your grandparents live?” would use “away” in both the question and answer to refer to the distance or travel time between the two locations.

268

be a part of = formar parte de

How happy are you/would you be to have pets as a part of your family?

vs.

take part in = participar

How often do you take part in social activities?

vs.

be apart = be separate

How long could you bear being apart from your family?

vs.

apart from = descartando esto

Apart from your family, who else do you love a lot?

In English, “be a part of” means to belong to or to be included in something. For example, “I am a part of this organization” means that you are a member of that organization. “Take part in” means to participate in or to join an activity. For instance, “I like to take part in outdoor sports” means that you enjoy participating in outdoor sports.

In contrast, “be apart” means to be separate or to be not together. For example, “I hate being apart from my family during the holidays” means that you don’t like being separated from your family during the holiday season. “Apart from” means excluding or not including something. For instance, “Apart from the color, the two cars are identical” means that the two cars are the same except for their color.

269

adventure = aventuras que te emocionan

Talk about an adventure that was lots of fun.

vs.

affair = aventura en una relacion romantica

How do you feel about people having affairs?

The words “adventure” and “affair” are both related to activities that are exciting or thrilling, but they have different meanings. “Adventure” refers to exciting experiences or activities that can be challenging or risky, such as going on a hiking trip or traveling to a new country. On the other hand, “affair” refers to a romantic or sexual relationship outside of a committed relationship, often involving secrecy or deception. It can also refer to a scandalous or controversial event.

So, while both words involve excitement and novelty, “adventure” is more commonly associated with positive experiences, while “affair” often carries a negative connotation.

270

selfish = egoista

Why are some people so selfish?

vs.

shellfish = los mariscos

How often do you eat shellfish?

vs

a selfie = foto de ti mismo que sacas tu

What do you think of people taking selfies striking a pose in public places?

The term “selfish” is used to describe a person who is primarily concerned with their own interests and welfare, often at the expense of others.

“Shellfish” refers to a group of aquatic animals that have a shell, such as clams, oysters, and mussels.

“A selfie” is a photograph that a person takes of themselves, typically using a smartphone or other digital camera.

While the words “selfish” and “shellfish” sound similar in English, they have completely different meanings. “Selfish” is an adjective used to describe a person’s behavior or personality, while “shellfish” is a noun used to describe a type of seafood. “A selfie” is a noun used to describe a type of photograph.

271

national anthem = himno de un país

Did they teach you your national anthem at school?

vs.

hymn = religioso

Did you ever hear your grandparents reciting any hymns when you were little?

The main difference between “national anthem” and “hymn” is their usage and context.

A national anthem is a musical composition that represents a country and its values, often played during important national events such as official ceremonies, sports events, or patriotic celebrations. Examples of national anthems include “The Star-Spangled Banner” for the United States, “God Save the Queen” for the United Kingdom, and “O Canada” for Canada.

On the other hand, a hymn is a religious song or poem typically sung during religious services, worship, or praise. Hymns are often used to express devotion, praise, or thanksgiving to a deity or as a means of religious instruction. Examples of hymns include “Amazing Grace,” “Holy, Holy, Holy,” and “How Great Thou Art.”

Therefore, while both “national anthem” and “hymn” are musical compositions, they differ in their usage and context, with national anthems representing a country and its values, and hymns expressing religious devotion and praise.

272

taste: sabe algo

Have you ever tasted bread that tastes of garlic?

vs.

taste: probar

Have you ever tasted Indian food that tasted too hot?

The word “taste” has different meanings depending on the context.

As a verb, “taste” can mean to sample or try a small amount of food or drink in order to evaluate its flavor or quality. For example, “I tasted the soup to see if it needed more salt.”

As a noun, “taste” can refer to the sensation of flavor or the ability to detect different flavors. For example, “This ice cream has a sweet taste.”

In Spanish, the verb “sabe” can also mean to taste or sample food. The noun “sabor” refers to the sensation of flavor.

So in this context, “taste: sabe algo” could refer to the flavor or taste of something, while “taste: probar” would refer to the act of sampling or trying a small amount of something to evaluate its flavor.

273

turn off = enchufes/fuego de cocina

Have you ever forgotten to turn something off before leaving the house?

vs.

put out/extinguish = incendio

Have you ever had to put out a fire?

vs.

go extinct = extinguirse de especies

Why are so many species going extinct?

“Turn off” in English can refer to stopping the operation of an electrical device or shutting down a cooking stove, while in Spanish it translates to “apagar”.

On the other hand, “put out” or “extinguish” in English refers to the act of putting out a fire, while in Spanish it translates to “apagar” or “extinguir”.

Finally, “go extinct” in English refers to the extinction of species, which means that the last individual of a particular species has died out, while in Spanish it translates to “extinguirse”.

274

brilliant = excellent

Talk about a brilliant performance by a sports person in a competition.

Who is a brilliant singer for you?

vs.

intelligent/smart/bright = inteligente

Who is the most intelligent person you know?

Who is the smartest person you know?

Who is the brightest person you know?

vs.

bright = brillante de luz/inteligente

How bright do you like your pone screen to be?

Who is the brightest person you know?

Do you enjoy it when the sun is shining bright?

vs.

smart = bien vestido/inteligente

Why is it important to dress up smart?

Who is the smartes tperson you know?

In English, “brilliant” is often used to describe something that is excellent or outstanding, while “intelligent”, “smart”, and “bright” are used to describe mental ability or acumen. “Bright” can also refer to the quality of light or the intelligence of a person.

In Spanish, “brillante” is used to describe something that shines or is luminous, but not necessarily to describe excellence. The word “inteligente” is used to describe someone who is smart or intelligent. The word “listo” is used to describe someone who is clever or quick-witted, while “brillante” is used to describe something that shines or is luminous, but not necessarily to describe excellence.

275

something unforeseen = unexpected = good or bad

Talk about something unforeseen that was actually benefitted you in some way.

vs.

a mishap = imprevisto = bad only

How should we try to deal with mishaps during a project/in life?

In English, “something unforeseen” and “unexpected” both refer to something that happens without being predicted or anticipated, and it can be either good or bad. For example, receiving unexpected news can be either positive or negative.

However, “a mishap” typically refers to an unforeseen event that is negative or unwanted. It usually implies that something has gone wrong, often resulting in inconvenience, damage, or harm. For example, a car accident, a power outage, or a missed flight can be considered a mishap.

276

shout = gritar

how can you stop kids from shouting all the time?

vs. 

scream = chillar

When was the last time you heard a horrible scream?

vs.

cry = llorar/gritar

When was the last time you saw someone crying?

Why would someone cry for help?

While shout, scream, and cry are all related to making loud vocalizations, they have different meanings and connotations.

Shout refers to speaking loudly and forcefully in order to be heard. It can convey a sense of urgency or excitement, and can be either positive or negative depending on the context.

Scream, on the other hand, refers to a high-pitched and often piercing sound made when someone is experiencing intense emotions such as fear, pain, or anger. It usually has negative connotations and is associated with distress or alarm.

Cry refers specifically to shedding tears as a result of being upset or emotional. It can involve vocalizations such as sobbing, but it is distinct from shouting or screaming. There are expressions like Cry for help which means shout for help, so Cry can be used as a synonym of shout in some cases.

It’s worth noting that these words can be used differently in different cultures and contexts. In some cultures, for example, shouting may be more acceptable or even encouraged in certain situations, while in others it may be considered rude or aggressive.

277

features = technology (they are part of the user experience) o rasgos de una persona

What are some features that your mobile phone/laptop has that your friend’s one doesn’t?

Describe your best friend’s facial features.

vs.

specifications = (capacity y de que esta hecho algo)

Do you read the specifications that are written on labels and the manuals that come with the items that you buy?

In general, “features” and “specifications” both refer to characteristics of a product, but they are used in slightly different contexts.

“Features” are typically used in the context of technology or products that are used by consumers. They refer to the characteristics of a product that contribute to the user experience. For example, the features of a mobile phone might include the size of the screen, the quality of the camera, or the speed of the processor. When used in the context of people, “features” refer to their physical traits, such as the shape of their nose, the color of their eyes, or the texture of their hair.

“Specifications,” on the other hand, are more technical and specific. They refer to the detailed information about a product’s capacity, materials, and other technical details that may not be as relevant to the user experience. For example, the specifications of a laptop might include the amount of RAM, the size of the hard drive, or the type of processor.

In summary, “features” tend to focus more on the user experience, while “specifications” tend to focus more on technical details.

278

such as = for example (used to give examples)

Where do you go to buy clothes, such as jeans, shirts and jackets etc?

vs.

as = because/like

When was the last time you turned down your friends’ invitation to go somewhere as you were really tired?

The phrase “such as” is used to introduce examples of something, while “as” is typically used as a conjunction to indicate a reason or cause. For example:

Such as: “There are many outdoor activities you can do, such as hiking, biking, and swimming.”

As: “I couldn’t hear you as the music was too loud.”

However, “as” can also be used to give examples in some contexts, but it is less common than “such as”. In these cases, “as” is often used with the meaning of “like” or “similar to”, as in “She was dressed as a pirate” or “The tree was as tall as a skyscraper.”

279

experience/go through = vivir/sufrir algo

live and suffer a situation = incorrect

What kinds of difficulties do people go through during their life?

vs.

experiment = try something = intentar algo

Why do some young people experiment with drugs and others don’t?

In English, “experience” and “go through” are used to refer to living through or enduring a particular situation or difficulty. For example, “What kinds of difficulties do people go through during their life?” means what kinds of difficult situations or experiences do people encounter during their lives. On the other hand, “experiment” means to try something out or test something, often in order to gain knowledge or experience. For example, “Why do some young people experiment with drugs and others don’t?” means why do some young people try using drugs to see what it’s like while others don’t.

It’s important to note that “live and suffer a situation” is not an accurate translation of “go through” or “experience” in English. “Live and suffer” implies a more permanent state of suffering, while “go through” or “experience” can refer to a temporary situation or difficulty that is overcome or endured.

Overall, the key difference between these terms is that “experience” and “go through” refer to living through or enduring a particular situation, while “experiment” means to try something out or test something.

280

safety = accidents

What kinds of rules are in place at schools for the safety of the students?

vs.

security = attacks

What kinds of security measures are in place in your country in case of an attack?

vs. 

sure = opinions

Why is it important to be sure about the facts before entering an argument?

vs.

self confidence = en ti mismo

Why is it important to have self confidence?

The terms “safety” and “security” both relate to the protection of something, but there is a difference in what they protect against. “Safety” relates to the prevention of accidents or harm to people or things, whereas “security” relates to the prevention of deliberate attacks or unauthorized access.

The term “sure” relates to opinions or beliefs, and is used to express a high level of confidence or certainty about something.

The term “self-confidence” refers to an individual’s belief in their own abilities, qualities, and judgment. It is an internal feeling that can be affected by external factors such as feedback from others or experiences.

281

close: temporary/cerca

What time does your local supermarket close every day?

Do you live close to your grandparents?

vs.

close down: permanent

What are some common reason why a business would close down?

In English, “close” can have multiple meanings depending on the context. Here are some common uses:

“Close” can mean to shut something, such as a door or window. Example: “Can you close the window, please?”

“Close” can mean to be near or in proximity to something. Example: “The store is close to my house.”

“Close” can mean to end or finish something, such as a business day. Example: “The restaurant will close at 9 pm tonight.”

“Close down” specifically means to permanently shut something, such as a business or factory. Example: “The company had to close down due to financial difficulties.”

In Spanish, “close” can be translated as “cerrar” or “cerrado,” which can also have multiple meanings depending on the context. “Close down” can be translated as “cerrar definitivamente” or “cerrar para siempre.”

282

carry over your holidays = later

Are you allowed to carry over your holidays to another time in the future in the year?

vs.

bring forward = earlier

Have you ever had to bring forward an appointment/meeting?

“Carry over your holidays” means to transfer unused holiday time from one period to the next. For example, if you didn’t use all of your allotted vacation time this year, you may be able to “carry over” those unused days to the next year and use them then.

“Bring forward” means to move something, such as a meeting or an event, to an earlier date or time. For example, if a meeting was originally scheduled for next week, but you want to have it earlier, you may “bring it forward” to this week.

283

pay attention to someone = dar importancia

How well did you pay attention to your teachers in class?

vs.

listen to someone = obedecer/dar importancia

Did you always listen to your parents when you were little?

The difference between “pay attention to someone” and “listen to someone” is that the former implies focusing on someone or something with mental effort or concentration, while the latter implies hearing and understanding what someone is saying, and possibly taking action based on that understanding.

“Pay attention to someone” means to give someone or something your full concentration or consideration, or to acknowledge its importance. For example, a teacher might tell their students to “pay attention” during a lesson, meaning that they should focus on the material being presented.

“Listen to someone” means to hear what someone is saying and make an effort to understand it. This can involve paying attention, but it also involves actively processing and interpreting the information being communicated. For example, if a friend is talking to you about a problem they’re having, you might “listen” to them by showing empathy and offering advice or support.

It’s worth noting that “listen to someone” can also have the connotation of obedience, as you mentioned. In this sense, it means to follow someone’s instructions or advice. For example, a child might be told to “listen to their parents” and do what they’re told. However, this is a slightly different meaning than the one used in the context of a conversation or communication between peers.

284

Do work experience = hacer practicas

Why is it important for young people to do work experience?

vs.

do an internship = ser becario

What kind of company would you like do an internship in?

vs.

be/stay in a boarding school = ser internado

What is it like to stay in a boarding school?

vs.

be/stay in a residence hall = estar en un colegio mayor

Do you know anyone who stayed in a residence hall of a university?

vs. 

take part in training = participar en algun tipo de formacion

Have you ever taken part in training of any kind?

The differences between these phrases are:

“Do work experience” means to undertake a period of practical training in a company or organization. In Spanish, it would be translated as “hacer prácticas”.

“Do an internship” means to work as an intern in a company or organization to gain practical experience. In Spanish, it would be translated as “ser becario”.

“Be/stay in a boarding school” means to live and study in a school that provides accommodation and meals. In Spanish, it would be translated as “ser internado”.

“Be/stay in a residence hall” means to live in a university dormitory or student residence. In Spanish, it would be translated as “estar en un colegio mayor”.

“Take part in training” means to participate in a program or course to develop skills or knowledge. In Spanish, it would be translated as “participar en algún tipo de formación”.

285

publish = in written format

What kind of stuff is being published in the news nowadays?

vs.

make public = inform  = how it is done is not the focus

What kinds of things does the government make public?

In general, “publish” refers to making something available in written or printed format for others to read, such as a book, article, or report. The emphasis is on the format and distribution of the content.

On the other hand, “make public” simply means to share or disclose information to a wider audience, regardless of the format. The focus is on the act of sharing the information rather than the format in which it is shared.

For example, a company may choose to make public its financial statements by sharing them on its website, without necessarily publishing them as a printed report. Or a government agency may make public certain documents by releasing them online or to the media, without publishing them in a book or journal.

286

destiny = fate

Do you believe in destiny?

vs.

destination = place

What is your favourite destination for a holiday?

The main difference between “destiny” and “destination” is their meaning. “Destiny” refers to the idea of an event or a course of events that is predetermined or inevitable, often associated with fate or a higher power. For example, “I believe my destiny is to become a successful writer.”

On the other hand, “destination” refers to a specific place or location that someone intends to go to or reach. For example, “My destination for my summer vacation is Hawaii.”

So, while both words relate to the idea of something that is predetermined or intended, “destiny” refers to a predetermined course of events, while “destination” refers to a physical location or place that someone intends to go to.

287

ent (adjective) vs. ence (noun)

be confident = have confidence

be patient = have patience

Why is it important to be confident?

Why is it important to have confidence

Why is it important to be patient?

Why is it important to have patience?

Why is it important to be prudent?

Why is it important to show prudence?

Why is it important to be obedient to your parents?

Why is it important to show obedience to your parents?

The suffix “-ent” is commonly used to form adjectives in English, while the suffix “-ence” is commonly used to form nouns. In the examples given, “confident” and “patient” are adjectives, and “confidence” and “patience” are the corresponding nouns.

“Confident” means having or showing confidence or trust in oneself or something/someone, while “confidence” refers to the feeling of self-assurance or trust in oneself or something/someone.

Similarly, “patient” means able to accept or tolerate delays, problems, or suffering without becoming annoyed or anxious, while “patience” refers to the ability to accept or tolerate delays, problems, or suffering without becoming annoyed or anxious.

In general, the “-ent” suffix is used to form adjectives that describe a particular quality or state, while the “-ence” suffix is used to form abstract nouns that describe a quality, state, or condition.

288

ask questions = preguntar

Why shouldn’t we ask people personal questions when we first meet them?

vs.

give answers = responder/contestar

Who gives you the best answers to your questions about life?

The main difference between “ask questions” and “give answers” is that they are two different actions in a communication process. “Ask questions” refers to the act of posing queries to obtain information or clarify something. On the other hand, “give answers” refers to the act of responding to the questions or providing information in response to a query.

For example, if a teacher is conducting a class, they may ask questions to check the students’ understanding of a topic, and the students will give answers to demonstrate their knowledge or provide clarification. In a conversation, one person may ask questions to get to know the other person better, and the other person will give answers to provide information about themselves.

289

vamos a hacer algo vs. vamos a hacer algo

let’s separate the two idea if not we are going to mix them up

let’s do something = now

Would you come along if I said to you “Let’s go to the gym”?

vs.

we are going to do something = in the future

What are we going to do if climate change becomes even worse?

The phrase “let’s do something” is an invitation to do something immediately or in the near future. It suggests that the speaker and listener should take action right away.

In contrast, “we are going to do something” indicates a future plan or intention to take action at some point in the future. It does not necessarily imply immediate action or urgency.

290

Incorrect: for the one side – on the other side

Correct: on the one hand – on the other hand

On the one hand if you had your family and on the other hand you had your job, which one would you choose?

“On the one hand” and “on the other hand” are used to introduce two contrasting or opposing ideas or points of view. For example: “On the one hand, I would love to travel the world, but on the other hand, I don’t have enough money to do it right now.”

“Incorrect: for the one side – on the other side” is not a commonly used phrase in English. It may be a direct translation from Spanish, where “por un lado” and “por otro lado” are commonly used phrases that are similar in meaning to “on the one hand” and “on the other hand” in English.

291

verb = live –> lives

Where you live?

Can you tell me where your best friend lives?

vs. 

noun = life  –> lives

Why do they say that life is beautiful?

How many lives were affected by the last natural disaster?

vs. 

adjective = live

When was the last time you heard live music?

The word “live” can function as a verb, a noun, and an adjective, and each form has a different meaning:

Verb: “live” refers to the act of residing in a particular place or having a particular way of life. “Lives” is the third person singular present tense form of the verb.

Example: “She lives in London” or “He lives a healthy lifestyle.”

Noun: “life” refers to the existence of a living being or the period between birth and death. “Lives” is the plural form of the noun.

Example: “Life is precious” or “Many lives were lost in the war.”

Adjective: “live” describes something that is happening or performed in real-time, or something that is currently active. It is also used to describe something that is alive.

Example: “The concert was a live performance” or “I prefer live music to recorded music.”

292

roof = techo/tejado

Have you ever climbed to the roof of any building?

vs.

ceiling = techo

Where do they have fans on the ceiling in your country?

In English, “roof” and “ceiling” refer to different parts of a building’s structure. The “roof” refers to the outside covering of a building that protects it from weather and elements, while the “ceiling” refers to the inner surface that covers the upper part of a room.

In Spanish, the word “techo” can be used to refer to both the “roof” and the “ceiling” of a building. However, the word “tejado” specifically refers to the sloping roof of a building, typically made of tiles or other overlapping materials. So, while “techo” can refer to both the roof and ceiling in Spanish, “tejado” only refers to the sloping roof.

293

in the corner = en el rincon

Why should we never force people in the corner?

vs. 

on/at the corner = en la esquina

When was the last time you waited for someone at the corner of a street?

“In the corner” generally refers to a location inside a room or an enclosed space, where two walls meet at an angle, while “on/at the corner” refers to a location outside a building or on a street where two roads or sidewalks meet at an angle.

For example, if you say “the cat is in the corner”, it means the cat is located inside a room near the intersection of two walls. On the other hand, if you say “the coffee shop is on the corner of Main Street and Elm Street”, it means the coffee shop is located at the intersection of two streets.

294

Achieve + collocation  (objetivos)

Achieve your dream

Achieve your goal

Achieve your aim

Achieve your objective

Achieve your target

What kinds of things can help you to achieve your goals?

vs.

Obtain/Get a new client

How can a company obtain new clients?

vs.

Buy/get some bread

Where do you go to get/buy bread?

vs. 

Gain respect

What’s the best way to gain respect in life?

The verb “achieve” is commonly used in English to talk about reaching a specific goal or objective. It is often used with different collocations such as “dream,” “goal,” “aim,” “objective,” and “target.” These collocations are specific to the goals or objectives that a person is trying to reach. For example, someone might say “achieve your dream” when talking about fulfilling a personal ambition or “achieve your goal” when talking about reaching a specific target.

The verb “obtain” or “get” in English is often used to talk about acquiring something, such as a client or a material item. It is commonly used in business contexts when talking about getting new customers or clients. For example, a company might use marketing or advertising strategies to obtain new clients.

The verb “buy” or “get” in English is used to talk about acquiring a material item, such as bread in the given example. It refers to obtaining something by paying for it.

The verb “gain” in English is often used to talk about acquiring something that is not material, such as respect or knowledge. For example, a person might say “gain respect” when talking about earning the esteem or admiration of others. The verb “gain” is often used in a more abstract sense than “obtain” or “get.”

295

gymnastics = acrobacia

Which discipline is your favourite in gymnastics?

vs.

gymnasium/gym = gymnasia

What did/do you do during the gymnasium lesson at school?

In English, “gymnastics” refers to a specific type of physical exercise and sport that involves the performance of various acrobatic and athletic movements, often using specialized equipment such as balance beams, parallel bars, and rings.

On the other hand, “gymnasium” or “gym” generally refers to a facility equipped for physical exercise and fitness training, which may include areas for weightlifting, cardio equipment, group exercise classes, and other fitness-related activities.

In Spanish, “gimnasia” refers to both the sport of gymnastics as well as any type of physical exercise or training that is performed in a gym or fitness center. However, “gimnasio” usually refers to the facility itself, rather than the activity taking place within it.

296

spectator = at the sport event

What are some common issues that spectators have to deal with?

vs.

viewer = watching on TV

Which TV programs attract the most viewers in your country?

vs.

member of the audience = inside the TV studio/publico

What would it be like to be a member of the audience?

The three terms refer to people who are watching some sort of performance or event, but there are some subtle differences:

Spectator: This term specifically refers to someone who is watching a live sporting event, concert, or other public performance. It suggests that the person is physically present at the event.

Viewer: This term typically refers to someone who is watching something on television or other electronic device. It suggests that the person is not physically present at the event.

Member of the audience: This term can refer to anyone who is watching a live performance, including theater, music, or comedy shows, as well as television programs that are recorded in front of a live studio audience. It suggests that the person is a part of the group that is collectively watching the performance.

297

no one = nadie = solo existe en frases afirmativas

How do you feel when you see no one helping a person in need?

vs.

none = ninguno

What is an alternative to milk if none is available in shops?

vs.

anyone = nadie en frases negativas/alguien en preguntas/cualquier en frases afirmativas

Have you ever seen anyone stealing something?

I haven’t seen anyone in a self-driving car. Have you ever seen anyone in a self-driving car?

If anyone can access so much knowledge on the Internet, then why don’t most people use the Internet to waste time?

The main difference between “no one” and “none” is that “no one” is used to refer to the absence of people, while “none” is used to refer to the absence of things. For example, “No one showed up to the party” means that nobody came to the party, while “None of the cookies were left” means that there were no cookies left.

The word “anyone” is used to refer to any person or anyone in general, regardless of whether they are present or not. It can be used in questions or negative statements to refer to the absence of a specific person or people. For example, “Did anyone see my keys?” or “I didn’t see anyone at the party.”

It is also worth noting that while “nadie” is the equivalent of “no one” in Spanish, “ninguno” is the equivalent of “none.” And while “alguien” can be used to mean “anyone” in questions or affirmative statements, in negative statements it would mean “someone” or “somebody.”

298

prescription = receta medica

When was the last time your doctor wrote/gave a prescription?

vs.

recipe = receta de comida

Do you know any tasty recipes?

The difference between “prescription” and “recipe” in English is that a “prescription” refers to a document that a medical professional writes to authorize the dispensing of medication to a patient, while a “recipe” refers to a set of instructions for preparing a particular dish or meal.

In Spanish, “prescription” is commonly translated as “receta médica,” while “recipe” is translated as “receta de cocina” or simply “receta.”

299

of vs. from

a friend of the environment = tener mucho cariño para algo

Are you a friend of our planet?

vs.

a friend from school = origin

Tell me a little about a friend of yours from another city/country?

In English, “of” is used to show a relationship or possession, while “from” is used to indicate origin or point of departure.

In the example “a friend of the environment”, “of” is used to show a relationship or connection with the environment, indicating that the person cares about or supports environmental causes.

On the other hand, in the example “a friend from school”, “from” is used to indicate the origin or point of departure of the friend, indicating that the friend was met or known from school.

300

suppliers = productos = provedors

Do you know any suppliers of dairy products?

vs.

providers = servicio = provedores

Whic company is the best Internet provider in your area?

In general, “suppliers” refers to those who provide products or goods, while “providers” refers to those who provide services.

For example, a company may have suppliers who provide them with raw materials or finished products that they sell, while they may also have service providers who provide services such as IT support or marketing.

In Spanish, “suppliers” is often translated as “proveedores” while “providers” is translated as “proveedores de servicios.”