engspan 5
201
curso = (academic) year
my fist year
my second year
my last year
1st year of primary school
2nd year of high school
What are the most common problems that kids face in their first year at high school?
vs.
course = designed and planned subject matter
This English course is going to last 3 months.
What would you learn in a cookery/yoga course?
In Spanish, “curso” is typically used to refer to an academic year, which is a period of time in which a student attends school and completes a specific grade level or level of education. For example, “my first year” would translate to “mi primer curso” in Spanish. “Curso” is often used to refer to the academic year for all levels of education, including primary school, high school, and university.
On the other hand, “course” in English usually refers to a specific subject matter or topic that is being taught or studied, and it is often designed and planned. For example, an English course that lasts for three months would focus on teaching students English language skills over a period of time. Similarly, a cookery or yoga course would involve learning specific techniques and practices related to cooking or yoga.
It is important to note that “course” can also be used to refer to an academic class or a series of classes within a specific subject matter, such as “chemistry course” or “history course.” In these cases, “course” is similar to the Spanish term “asignatura” or “materia.”
In summary, while “curso” in Spanish usually refers to an academic year, “course” in English typically refers to a specific subject matter or class.
202
different types of tastes
sweet = dulce
salty = savoury = salado
sour – tangy = acido
bitter = amargo
Mention some dishes for each of these tastes above.
Which taste appeals to your taste buds (Papilas gustativas)?
When was the last time you tasted (probar)something that tasted (saber) so good that you fell in love with it?
In both English and Spanish, there are four basic tastes: sweet, salty (or savoury), sour (or tangy), and bitter. These tastes are perceived by the tongue’s taste buds, and they play an important role in how we experience food and beverages.
In Spanish, “sweet” is translated as “dulce”. For example, “un pastel dulce” means “a sweet cake”. “Salty” can be translated as “salado” or “sabroso” (meaning “flavorful” or “tasty”). “Un plato salado” means “a salty dish”, while “un plato sabroso” means “a tasty dish”. “Sour” can be translated as “ácido” or “agridulce” (meaning “tart” or “acidic-sweet”). “Un limón ácido” means “a sour lemon”, while “una manzana agridulce” means “a tart-sweet apple”. Finally, “bitter” is translated as “amargo”. “Un café amargo” means “a bitter coffee”.
It is important to note that taste preferences can vary greatly among individuals and cultures. Some people may have a preference for sweet foods, while others may prefer salty or bitter flavors. Additionally, some foods may have a combination of these tastes, such as a sweet and sour sauce or a salty and savory snack.
203
marca de productos = brand
What is your favourite brand of clothes?
vs.
house brand = marca blanca
Which supermarket has the best quality house brand?
vs.
marca de coche = make
modelo de coche = model
make = VW
model = golf
What is your favourite make and model?
“Marca de productos” is the Spanish term for “brand,” which refers to a name or symbol that identifies a particular product or manufacturer. A brand is used to distinguish one company’s products from those of another, and it can help build customer loyalty and recognition.
“House brand” or “marca blanca” refers to products that are sold under the name of a particular store or retailer, rather than a well-known brand name. These products are usually cheaper than the branded products because the store is able to produce them at a lower cost.
“Marca de coche” is the Spanish term for “make,” which refers to the name of the company that produces a particular car. “Modelo de coche” is the Spanish term for “model,” which refers to a specific type of car produced by a particular make.For example, “make = VW, model = golf” means that the car in question was made by Volkswagen, and the specific model is the Golf.
204
Look at
Listen to
Depend on
Spend on
Consist of
Think about
These are six of the most common verbs in the English language. If you LOOK AT them carefully, you will notice that they CONSIST OF a verb + preposition. In class, I always LISTEN TO all of my students using the prepositions incorrectly with these verbs. Please, SPEND some time ON memorising these combinations. Your progress DEPENDS ON this. THINK ABOUT the literal translation that comes in your way and change your chip with regards to these verbs + preposition.
What are you LOOKING AT at the moment?
What kind of music do you LISTEN TO in your free time?
Who do you DEPEND ON for advice?
How much time do you need to SPEND ON this concept to internalise these prepositions?
How many verbs does this group of verbs CONSIST OF?
How long do you need to THINK ABOUT these verbs + prepositions to learn them?
The six verbs mentioned – Look at, Listen to, Depend on, Spend on, Consist of, and Think about – are some of the most commonly used verbs in the English language. Each of these verbs is made up of a verb and a preposition that work together to convey a specific meaning.
Dependent prepositions are prepositions that are used in combination with specific verbs, adjectives, or nouns to convey a specific meaning. These prepositions are often a challenge for English learners because they don’t always translate directly from their native language.
For example, in the phrase “I’m interested in music,” the preposition “in” is dependent on the adjective “interested.” If you were to say “I’m interested about music,” it would not make sense to a native English speaker.
Some common examples of dependent prepositions include:
“Depend on” (e.g. “It depends on the weather”)
“Belong to” (e.g. “This book belongs to me”)
“Consist of” (e.g. “The recipe consists of flour, sugar, and eggs”)
“Listen to” (e.g. “I love listening to music”)
“Look at” (e.g. “She looked at the painting for a long time”)
“Think about” (e.g. “I need some time to think about this decision”)
To learn dependent prepositions, it’s important to practice using them in context. You can try listening to native speakers, reading English texts, and using them in your own writing and speaking. It may also be helpful to make a list of common verbs that take dependent prepositions and study them. By becoming familiar with these prepositions and how they are used, you can improve your English language skills and communicate more effectively.
205
download = bajar del internet
What kinds of things do people download off the Internet compared to the kinds of things they upload onto the Internet?
vs.
lower = bajar algo
When was the last itme you asked someone to lower their voice/lower the volume of a song they were listening to?
The main difference between “download” and “lower” is the context in which they are used. “Download” refers specifically to obtaining a file or data from the Internet or another source, whereas “lower” refers to reducing the amount, intensity, or level of something.
For example, when you “download” something from the Internet, you are accessing a digital file or data and saving it to your device. This can include anything from music and movies to software and documents. On the other hand, when you “lower” the volume of a song or ask someone to lower their voice, you are reducing the level or intensity of sound.
It’s important to pay attention to the context in which these words are used, as their meanings can vary greatly depending on the situation. While “download” is typically used in the context of technology and the Internet, “lower” can be used in a variety of settings, from music and sound to temperature and altitude.
206
Incorrect: she was specialised in that
Correct: she specialised in that / she was a specialist in that
Specialise in (without the verb to BE)
What does your best friend specialise in?
vs.
Be a specialist in (the verb to BE with a noun)
Are you a specialist in anything?
In English, there is a difference in using the verb “specialize” with or without the verb “to be”.
When we say “specialize in” (without the verb to BE), it means that someone has developed a particular skill or expertise in a specific area. For example, “What does your best friend specialize in?” means that we are asking about the area of expertise that your friend has developed.
On the other hand, when we say “be a specialist in” (with the verb to BE), it means that someone is a professional with advanced knowledge in a specific field. For example, “Are you a specialist in anything?” means that we are asking if someone is a professional with advanced knowledge in a particular field.
So, the correct way to say that someone has developed a particular skill or expertise in a specific area is to use “specialize in” without the verb to BE, as in “she specialized in that”. To say that someone is a professional with advanced knowledge in a particular field, we use “be a specialist in” with the verb to BE, as in “she was a specialist in that”.
207
Incorrect: routinary things
Correct: routine things
The word routinary doesn’t exist in English
What are some routine things that are part of your life?
The word “routinary” is not commonly used in English, and is not found in standard English dictionaries. The correct word to use in this context is “routine”. “Routine” is an adjective that means “usual, regular, or habitual”, while “routinary” is a non-standard form that is not recognized by the English language.
208
Incorrect: we buy things TO China
Correct: we buy things FROM China
Buy something from someone/somewhere
Buy TO doesn’t exit
Where do you buy your bread from?
Where do you buy your clothes from?
Where do you buy your fruit from?
vs.
Who do you buy gifts for?
In English, “buy to” is not a correct expression. The correct preposition to use when talking about purchasing something from a specific place or person is “from.” Therefore, the correct sentence would be “We buy things FROM China,” meaning that we purchase items that originate or are produced in China. This usage of “from” indicates the source or origin of the item being bought.
209
Incorrect: people are with this problem
Correct: people have this problem
En English, cuando estas con algo se ve como que lo tienes, so we use Have in this case
How long has your country had problems with unemployment?
What kinds of problems do people have nowadays that they didn’t have in the past?
Who do you talk to when you have problems?
In English, we use the verb “have” to indicate possession or experiencing something, while “be” is used to describe a state or condition. So saying “people are with this problem” sounds awkward and doesn’t convey the intended meaning clearly. On the other hand, “people have this problem” accurately expresses that they possess or experience the problem.
210
Incorrect: I RELATION the word clothes to the fashion industry.
Correct: I LINK/CONNECT the word clothes to the fashion industry.
Relation is a noun not a verb
What do you relate/link/connect the word happiness to?
What do you relate/link/connect success to?
What do you relate/link/connect the current social issues to?
“Relation” is a noun that refers to the connection or association between two or more things, while “relate” is the verb form that means to establish a connection or association between two or more things. In the context of the given sentence, “link” or “connect” is a more appropriate verb to use to express the association between the word “clothes” and the fashion industry.
211
You hit someone = you do the action
You GET hit = it happens to you
You eat something = you do the action
You GET eaten = it happens to you (perhaps a lion eats you)
When was the time you saw someone hit another person?
Have you ever got/been hit by someone?
When was the last time you ate a whole chicken?
vs.
Have you ever seen an animal get/be eaten by a crocodile in a documentary on TV?
The main difference between using the verb “hit” and “get hit” or “eat” and “get eaten” is the way the action is presented in the sentence.
When using “hit,” the sentence is in the active voice, which means that the subject is doing the action. For example, “You hit someone” means that you are the one performing the action of hitting someone.
When using “get hit,” the sentence is in the passive voice, which means that the subject is receiving the action. For example, “You get hit” means that someone else is doing the action of hitting you.
The same applies to the verb “eat.” “You eat something” means that you are the one doing the action of eating. But “You get eaten” means that someone or something else is doing the action of eating you.
It’s important to note that the use of the passive voice often changes the focus of the sentence, highlighting the object or the recipient of the action rather than the doer.
212
wrap = envolver
Why do people wrap gifts?
Why do some people like to pop bubble wrap?
vs.
involve = involucrar
What does being a parent involve?
What does being a teacher involve?
What does your job involve?
The verb “wrap” means to cover or enclose something with paper, cloth, or other material, often to give it as a gift or for protection during transport. For example, when we give gifts to our loved ones, we wrap them in colorful paper or put them in gift bags to make them more presentable. Similarly, bubble wrap is used to wrap fragile items to protect them from breaking during transport.
On the other hand, the verb “involve” means to include or engage someone or something in a particular activity, situation, or process. For example, being a parent involves taking care of children, providing them with love, support, and guidance, and being responsible for their well-being. Similarly, being a teacher involves instructing and educating students, creating lesson plans, grading assignments, and being responsible for their learning and development. Your job may involve working on a team, meeting deadlines, and completing projects.
In summary, “wrap” is about covering or enclosing something, while “involve” is about including or engaging something or someone in a particular activity or process.
213
too realistic = too + adj
Why is it a bad idea to be too realistic in relationships?
Why was the last time you were too tired to even walk?
How can you motivate kids who are too lazy?
vs.
too much water – too many glasses of water
too many/much + noun
Why shouldn’t we eat too much food?
How many cups of coffee are too many cups of coffee in a day?
What kinds of jobs don’t require too much hard work?
The main difference between “too + adjective” and “too many/much + noun” is that the former is used to describe an excessive or extreme amount or degree of a particular quality or characteristic, while the latter is used to describe an excessive or large quantity of something.
When we say “too realistic”, for example, we mean that someone’s level of realism is excessive or extreme, to the point where it may be detrimental in certain situations, such as relationships. On the other hand, when we say “too much water”, we mean that there is an excessive or large quantity of water, which can lead to negative consequences, such as flooding.
In general, “too + adjective” is used to describe qualities or characteristics, while “too many/much + noun” is used to describe quantities or amounts. It’s important to keep in mind that “too + adjective” is often followed by an infinitive verb, as in “too tired to walk”, while “too many/much + noun” is followed by a noun or a plural noun, as in “too many cups of coffee”.
214
romper vs. Rasgar vs. averia vs. no funcionar
break = solid things
Did you ever break a neighbour’s window while playing when you were a kid?
vs.
tear = rasgar = tela/todo tejido
Why would someone tear a letter?
vs.
break down = tener averia (big machinery/engines + averia emocional)
Have you ever been in a car that broke down?
How would you help someone who broke down in front of you
vs.
stop working = devices/appliances
What would you do if your laptop stops working?
The main difference between these words is the context in which they are used:
“Break” is used for solid things, such as windows, plates, bones, or any object that can be physically damaged and separated into pieces.
“Tear” or “Rip” is used for fabrics or papers, when they are separated or damaged by force.
“Break down” is used for big machinery, engines, or anything that suddenly stops working due to a mechanical or technical problem. It can also be used for a person experiencing an emotional breakdown or malfunction.
“Stop working” is used for devices or appliances, such as a laptop, phone, or a car’s radio, when they stop functioning or working properly.
Understanding these differences will help in using the correct verb in different situations.
215
succeed (verb) = tener exito
What do you need to do to succeed in life?
What do you need to do to succeed in business?
vs.
Be successful (verb + adjective) = tener exito
What do you need to do to be successful in life?
What do you need to do to be successful in business?
The main difference between “succeed” and “be successful” is that “succeed” is a verb, which means to accomplish or achieve something, while “be successful” is a verb plus an adjective phrase, which means to have achieved success.
In other words, “succeed” is the action of achieving a goal or objective, while “be successful” is the state of having achieved that goal or objective.
For example, if someone works hard and accomplishes their goals, they can say “I succeeded in my goals”. On the other hand, if someone has already achieved success, they can say “I am successful in my career”.
So, “succeed” focuses on the action of achieving, while “be successful” focuses on the state of having achieved.
216
ilusion
illusion = see something that is not really there
Is freedom only an illusion in current system of governance?
vs.
hope/dream = ilusion de deseo
What hopes and dreams do young people have when they first begin their career?
excitement/be excited about = ilusion de emocion
When was the last time you felt a lot of excitement for a special occasion that was about to come?
The Spanish word “ilusión” can be translated into English in various ways, depending on the context. It can be used to describe a false perception or belief, a deep desire or dream, or a feeling of excitement or anticipation.
When used to refer to an illusion or false perception, “ilusión” is often translated as “illusion.” For example, when we question whether freedom is only an illusion in the current system of governance, we are questioning whether the perception of freedom is real or just a false belief.
On the other hand, when “ilusión” refers to a deep desire or dream, it is commonly translated as “hope” or “dream.” For example, young people starting their careers have many hopes and dreams for their future. They may dream of achieving success, earning a good income, or making a difference in the world.
Finally, when “ilusión” is used to describe a feeling of excitement or anticipation, it can be translated as “excitement” or “being excited about.” For instance, we may feel a sense of excitement and anticipation when we are looking forward to a special occasion or event, such as a birthday party, a wedding, or a vacation.
In summary, “ilusión” is a versatile word that can be translated into English in multiple ways depending on the context. It can refer to a false perception or belief, a deep desire or dream, or a feeling of excitement or anticipation. Understanding the context in which “ilusión” is used is essential to accurately translate this word into English.
217
sensible = prudente
How do sensible people deal with problems?
vs.
sensitive = sensible
What are the pros and cons of being sensitive?
In Spanish, the word “sensible” can have two different meanings depending on the context. The first meaning is “prudent” or “wise,” which is often used to describe people who make good decisions and are careful in their actions. For example, someone who is sensible might deal with problems by approaching them with a calm and rational mindset.
On the other hand, the second meaning of “sensible” in Spanish is equivalent to the English word “sensitive.” This meaning refers to people who are easily affected by their emotions or by the emotions of others. For example, someone who is sensitive might feel deeply affected by sad news or be more easily hurt by criticism.
So, in English, “sensible” only has the meaning of being prudent or wise, while “sensitive” is used to describe people who are easily affected by their emotions. It’s important to keep in mind these subtle differences in meaning when translating words from one language to another.
218
scratch = rascar
vs.
itch = picar
Who would scratch your back if it was itching really badly?
Scratch and itch are related concepts, but they are not interchangeable.
To scratch (rascar in Spanish) means to rub or scrape a hard or pointed object against something to relieve an itching sensation, typically on the surface of the skin. For example, if you have a mosquito bite, you might scratch it to relieve the itching sensation.
On the other hand, to itch (picar in Spanish) means to have an unpleasant sensation on the skin that makes you want to scratch it. It can be caused by a variety of factors such as an insect bite, an allergic reaction, or a skin condition. The sensation of itching is a sign that something is irritating or inflaming the skin, and scratching is often a reflexive response to alleviate it.
So while scratching and itching are related, they refer to different aspects of the same sensation. Scratching is the action taken to alleviate an itch, while itching is the sensation itself.
219
Semi private = concertado
vs.
State school
Public school (am) = publico
vs.
private school
Public school (br) = privado
What are the similarities and differences between each of these kinds of schools?
What are the pros and cons of each of these types of schools?
The terms “semi private” and “concertado” in Spanish refer to a type of school that is privately owned but receives some funding from the government. These schools usually offer lower fees than fully private schools but maintain some level of independence from the government. They are sometimes compared to charter schools in the United States.
In contrast, “public school” in American English refers to a government-funded school that is free to attend and open to all students in the district, while “private school” refers to a school that is privately owned and funded by tuition and donations.
In British English, the terms are reversed: “public school” refers to a type of fee-paying private school with a long history and prestigious reputation, while “state school” refers to a government-funded school that is open to all students.
The term “private school” is used similarly in both American and British English to refer to a school that is privately owned and funded by tuition and donations.
220
wholesale = por mayor
vs.
retail = por menor
What is the difference between these two different types of businesses?
In English, wholesale refers to the sale of goods in large quantities to retailers or other businesses, typically at a discounted price, who then sell the goods to individual consumers. Retail, on the other hand, refers to the sale of goods in smaller quantities directly to individual consumers, typically at a higher price than wholesale.
In Spanish, wholesale is translated as “por mayor,” which means “by the greater,” and retail is translated as “por menor,” which means “by the smaller.” These terms also refer to the sale of goods in large or small quantities, respectively. For example, “venta al por mayor” refers to the wholesale sale of goods, while “venta al por menor” refers to the retail sale of goods.
221
lose time = te quita tiempo de otra cosa (puede ser algo bueno pero no es bueno para el momento)
What kinds of things do you lose time on at work?
vs.
waste time = un desecho complete
Give examples of things which are a waste of time for you.
In English, “lose time” and “waste time” both refer to the concept of using time in an unproductive manner. However, there is a subtle difference in their connotations.
“Lose time” implies that an activity may be valuable or necessary, but takes up time that could have been spent on something else. For example, if someone spends an hour in a meeting that could have been accomplished in half an hour, they may feel that they have lost time that could have been spent on other important tasks.
On the other hand, “waste time” suggests that an activity is completely unproductive or unnecessary. For instance, if someone spends hours scrolling through social media during work hours, they may feel that they have wasted time that could have been spent on more meaningful activities.
In Spanish, “lose time” can be translated as “te quita tiempo de otra cosa”, which means that something takes away time from something else that could have been done. “Waste time” in Spanish can be translated as “un desecho completo”, which means a complete waste.
It is important to note that while “lose time” and “waste time” have slightly different meanings, both can be detrimental to productivity and should be avoided whenever possible.
222
lose = a possession
What’s the most valuable thing you have ever lost?
vs.
miss = transport/opportunity
Why do people sometimes miss their flight/train/bus?
In English, “lose” is typically used when referring to a physical possession that has been misplaced or is no longer in one’s possession. For example, you might say “I lost my phone” if you can’t find it, or “I lost my wallet” if it has been stolen.
On the other hand, “miss” is more commonly used to refer to a missed opportunity or something that was not attended. For example, if someone misses their flight, it means they were unable to make it to the airport in time and therefore missed the flight. Additionally, if someone misses a job interview or a meeting, it means they were unable to attend for some reason.
It’s important to note that “miss” can also be used in the context of emotions, such as when you miss someone who is far away or who has passed away. In this case, it is more about the feeling of longing or missing someone, rather than a physical possession or opportunity.
223
tablet = device
What are the harms of giving kids a tablet for many hours a day to watch stuff?
vs.
bar of chocolate = chocolate
What’s your favourite bar of chocolate?
In English, “tablet” refers to a device, typically a handheld electronic device with a touchscreen display. It can be used for various purposes such as watching videos, playing games, browsing the internet, or even for educational purposes. The use of tablets, especially for children, can have both advantages and disadvantages. The harm of giving kids a tablet for many hours a day to watch stuff could be that they become addicted to it, which can lead to less physical activity, less social interaction, and less time spent on other productive activities such as reading or playing outside.
On the other hand, in Spanish, “tableta” refers to a bar of chocolate, which is a solid block of chocolate that can be eaten as a snack or used as an ingredient in recipes. The question “What’s your favourite bar of chocolate?” refers to the different brands and flavors of chocolate bars that people might enjoy.
224
motor = de maquinas
Have you ever seen a motor that extracts water from the ground?
vs.
engine = de coche
What size engine does/did your father’s car have?
vs.
motorbike = two wheeled vehicle with an engine
What are the pros and cons of having a motorbike?
In English, “motor” typically refers to the mechanical or electrical component of a machine or device, such as a motor that extracts water from the ground. “Engine,” on the other hand, is usually used to refer specifically to the power source of a vehicle, such as a car or boat. For example, we might talk about the size of the engine in a car, but we would not refer to the car’s “motor.”
In Spanish, “motor” can be used to refer to the engine of a vehicle as well, but it also has a broader meaning of any type of machine or device that uses a motor or engine. So, a motor that extracts water from the ground would be called a “motor” in Spanish.
In addition, “motorbike” is a term used in British English to refer to a two-wheeled vehicle with an engine, while in American English, it is more commonly called a “motorcycle.” The pros and cons of having a motorbike or motorcycle can vary depending on personal preferences and circumstances. Some of the advantages might include increased mobility and lower fuel costs, while some of the disadvantages might include safety concerns and less protection from the elements compared to driving a car.
225
Christmas Eve (noche Buena) vs. New year’s eve (noche vieja)
Who did you spend these two days with last year?
vs.
Christmas day (dia de navedad) vs. New year’s day (1st January)
What is special about these two days for people?
The Spanish language has different terms to refer to specific days of the year, and some of them are related to important holidays. In this case, the terms “nochebuena” and “nochevieja” refer to two of the most popular holidays in the Spanish-speaking world.
“Nochebuena” is the Christmas Eve, which is celebrated on the 24th of December. It is a time for families to gather, have dinner together, and exchange gifts. It is considered one of the most important holidays of the year in many Spanish-speaking countries.
“Nochevieja” is the New Year’s Eve, which is celebrated on the 31st of December. It is a time to say goodbye to the old year and welcome the new one with family and friends. Many people have parties, watch fireworks, and eat traditional dishes. It is also a time to make resolutions for the upcoming year.
On the other hand, “Navidad” is Christmas Day, which is celebrated on the 25th of December. It is a time to commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ and is also a time for families to gather and celebrate together. Gifts are often exchanged on this day as well.
The 1st of January is known as “Año Nuevo” or New Year’s Day. It is a public holiday in many countries and is often celebrated with parades, fireworks, and other festivities. It is also a time for reflection and making resolutions for the new year.
In summary, “nochebuena” and “nochevieja” refer to Christmas Eve and New Year’s Eve respectively, while “Navidad” and “Año Nuevo” refer to Christmas Day and New Year’s Day. These are all important holidays in the Spanish-speaking world and are celebrated with family, friends, and traditions that vary from country to country.
226
choir (kwaai @r) = coro
Do you know anyone who sings in a choir?
vs.
chorus = estribillo
What do you think of songs that become popular only due to very catchy chorus without having any nice and meaningful lyrics?
vs.
Lyrics = letra
Do you use lyrics in your language learning? What are the pros and cons of learning with song lyrics?
The difference between “choir” and “chorus” in English and “coro” and “estribillo” in Spanish is that “choir” refers to a group of singers who perform together in harmony, while “chorus” refers to a repeated section of a song that often has a catchy melody and is sung by a group of people. In Spanish, “coro” is used for both “choir” and “chorus,” while “estribillo” specifically refers to the chorus or refrain of a song.
When someone mentions a choir, they are usually talking about a group of singers who perform classical or religious music in a structured and harmonious way. A choir can be made up of children, teenagers, or adults, and often performs in churches, concert halls, or other venues. On the other hand, a chorus is a more general term that refers to any group of singers who perform together, whether it’s in a choir, a pop group, or a musical theater production.
The word “lyrics” refers to the words of a song, while “letra” is the equivalent in Spanish. Learning with song lyrics can be a fun and effective way to improve language skills, as it can help learners to develop their vocabulary, pronunciation, and listening comprehension. However, it’s important to note that song lyrics can often be informal and include slang or grammatical errors, so learners should be careful when using them as a primary source of language input. Additionally, some songs may contain inappropriate language or messages, so learners should choose their songs wisely.
227
story = cuento
What are the benefits of reading bedtime stories
vs.
history = la historia
What do you think of the idea that history repeats itself?
The difference between the English word “story” and the Spanish word “cuento” is that “story” typically refers to a fictional narrative, while “cuento” can refer to either a fictional or non-fictional narrative. In English, a “story” is often used to describe a tale told for entertainment purposes or to convey a lesson, such as a children’s bedtime story.
On the other hand, the Spanish word “historia” is typically used to refer to real events that occurred in the past, and can also be translated as “history” in English. It is used to describe events, people, and places that have shaped the world we live in today, such as wars, revolutions, and important discoveries.
228
Take off = quitar
Why shouldn’t we take off our jacket if it is freezing cold?
Are you able to take stuff off the highest shelf without having to stand on something to reach the stuff in question?
Why would the authorities take off someone’s driving license?
vs.
Take out = sacar
When was the last time you had a tooth taken out?
What would I see if I asked you to take everything out of your pocket?
The difference between “take off” and “take out” can be confusing for non-native speakers of English or Spanish as both can mean “to remove” or “to extract.” However, there are some nuances to consider.
“Take off” usually implies the removal of something that is attached to or covering the body, such as clothes or accessories. For example, “Why shouldn’t we take off our jacket if it is freezing cold?” implies that wearing a jacket provides warmth, and removing it would make the person feel colder. “Are you able to take stuff off the highest shelf without having to stand on something to reach the stuff in question?” implies the physical action of reaching and removing something from a high place. “Why would the authorities take off someone’s driving license?” implies that someone has done something wrong that has led to the revocation of their license.
On the other hand, “take out” typically implies the removal of something from a container or a location, such as food from a restaurant, money from an ATM, or objects from a pocket or bag. For example, “When was the last time you had a tooth taken out?” implies that the person had a tooth extracted by a dentist. “What would I see if I asked you to take everything out of your pocket?” implies that the person should empty their pockets to show what they have in them.
In summary, “take off” usually refers to the removal of something attached to the body or a status, while “take out” usually refers to the removal of something from a container or location.
229
have a relationship with someone = tener una relacion de amistad de pareja de trabajo etc
How can you have a good relationship with your colleagues/classmates/family members forever?
vs.
have relations with someone = have sex
Why is it important to have relations with your partner regularly in a relationship?
vs.
international relations = between countries
Why are good international relations important for a country?
The Spanish phrase “tener una relación” can have different translations into English depending on the context.
When it refers to having a relationship with someone, it usually means having a connection or association with that person, whether it’s a friendship, romantic relationship, work relationship, or any other kind of relationship. It is about building a relationship based on trust, respect, and communication. For example, if you want to have a good relationship with your colleagues, you should try to communicate effectively, show appreciation for their work, and be willing to collaborate and compromise.
On the other hand, “having relations” usually refers to having sexual intercourse with someone. This phrase is more explicit and direct than “having a relationship with someone.”
Finally, “international relations” refers to the relationships between countries. It is an important aspect of diplomacy and foreign policy. Good international relations can lead to cooperation, peace, and prosperity between countries, while bad international relations can lead to conflict, tension, and economic sanctions. For example, a country may use diplomacy to establish good relations with other countries by negotiating trade agreements or peace treaties.
230
lie down = acostarse
How long does it normally take you to fall asleep after lying down on your bed at bedtime?
vs.
accost = abordar (a alguien)
Have you ever seen a person being accosted by another in a public place?
“Lie down” is an English verb which means to assume a horizontal position, usually on a bed or a couch, and rest one’s body. For example, “I usually lie down on my bed to read a book before going to sleep.”
“Acostarse” is the Spanish equivalent of “lie down,” and also means to assume a horizontal position to rest or sleep. For example, “Me acuesto en la cama para leer antes de dormir.”
“Accost” is an English verb which means to approach and address someone in a bold or aggressive manner. For example, “I was walking down the street when a stranger accosted me and demanded money.”
“Abordar” is the Spanish equivalent of “accost” and means to approach and address someone, often with the intention of starting a conversation or making a request. For example, “Un vendedor ambulante me abordó en la calle y me ofreció comprar sus productos.”
231
ace = aas
Why would someone be called an ace?
vs.
ass = culo, asno
Have you ever seen someone hitting the ass of an ass with a stick?
“Ace” is a term used to describe someone who is very skilled or proficient in a particular area or activity, while “ass” is a crude term for the buttocks or a donkey.
232
school = colegio
What do you learn at school?
vs.
college = University level institute for academic studies and vocational training
What do you learn at college?
vs.
colleague = workmate = companero de trabajo
vs.
How should you behave around your colleagues?
High school diploma = titulo de haber terminado la educacion secundaria
Do you know anyone who doesn’t even have a high school diploma?
vs.
baccalaureate = bachillerato
How is baccalaueate different from the previous high school education?
vs.
bachelor’s degree = licenciatura
master’s degree = un master
degree = educacion universitaria
Is getting a bachelor’s degree the same from any university or do employers value some universities over others?
vs.
career = profession/professional life only
What are some popular careers nowadays?
schoolboy = escolar
What are the dreams of a schoolboy?
vs.
scholar = erudito
What are the challenges of a scholar?
The main difference between “school” and “college” is the level of education they refer to. “School” typically refers to primary and secondary education, while “college” refers to post-secondary education, including universities, colleges, and vocational schools.
“Colleague” refers to a person with whom one works or who has a similar profession or occupation. It is important to behave professionally and respectfully around colleagues.
A “high school diploma” is a certificate that confirms the completion of secondary education. Some people may not have a high school diploma due to various reasons such as dropping out, immigrating to a new country, or pursuing alternative education paths.
“Baccalaureate” typically refers to a post-secondary educational qualification that is equivalent to a high school diploma in some countries. In some countries, it may refer to a specific type of university degree.
A “bachelor’s degree” is an undergraduate degree awarded by a university or college after completing a specific program of study. A “master’s degree” is a postgraduate degree that typically requires completing a bachelor’s degree first. The value of a degree from a particular university can vary depending on the reputation of the institution and the program of study.
A “career” refers to a profession or occupation that a person chooses to pursue as their life’s work. Some popular careers nowadays include healthcare, technology, finance, and education.
A “schoolboy” refers to a boy who attends school and is typically in primary or secondary education. The dreams of a schoolboy may vary depending on their interests and goals.
A “scholar” refers to a person who is highly knowledgeable and has a deep understanding of a particular subject. The challenges of a scholar may include conducting extensive research, publishing work in academic journals, and defending their ideas and theories to their peers.
233
dancer = bailarina
vs.
ballerina = bailarina de ballet
What’s the difference between a dancer and a ballerina?
Who do you prefer to watch perform?
The main difference between “dancer” and “ballerina” is that “dancer” is a more general term used to refer to someone who performs dance as a profession or hobby, while “ballerina” specifically refers to a female dancer who specializes in ballet. Ballet is a specific style of dance that requires a high level of technique, precision, and physical control, and ballerinas typically train intensively in this style from a young age.
234
moustache = bigote
vs.
bigot = intolerante, persona que tiene prejuicio
Do you know any bigot who has a moustache?
In English, “moustache” refers to the hair that grows above the upper lip of a person’s face. It is a physical feature that can be grown and maintained through grooming.
On the other hand, “bigot” is a noun used to describe a person who is intolerant and prejudiced towards those who hold different beliefs, opinions, or lifestyles. It is a behavioral trait or characteristic of a person rather than a physical feature.
235
soft = blando
Why do we give babies and old people soft foods?
vs.
bland = soso, insípido
Which dishes taste bland to you?
In English, “soft” generally refers to something that is pliable or not hard, such as a pillow or a piece of bread. It can also refer to a gentle or soothing quality, like a soft voice or soft music.
On the other hand, “bland” usually describes something that is lacking in flavor or excitement. For example, food that is bland may be lacking in seasoning or spices, while a conversation that is bland may be lacking in interest or engagement.
Therefore, while both words can refer to something that is not strong or intense, “soft” generally refers to physical texture or quality, while “bland” refers to lack of taste or excitement.
236
comfort = comodidad
What kinds of things bring comfort to your life?
vs.
commodity = product/cosas de valor que posee uno
Give examples of some valuable commodities.
The main difference between “comfort” and “commodity” is that “comfort” refers to a state of physical or emotional ease, while “commodity” refers to a useful or valuable thing or product that can be bought or sold.
For example, comfort can be found in things like a cozy blanket, a comfortable bed, or spending time with loved ones. These things make us feel physically or emotionally comfortable.
On the other hand, commodities are things like oil, gold, or wheat that are produced and traded for economic gain. They are valuable resources that are bought and sold in markets.
So while comfort is related to personal well-being, commodities are related to economic value.
237
pair of compasses = compás
vs.
compass = brújula
What are the differences in the use of a pair of compasses and a compass?
The term “pair of compasses” refers to a drawing tool that is used for measuring and drawing circles or arcs on a piece of paper or other material. The tool consists of two legs, one of which has a pointed end and the other a pencil or pen. The legs are joined together at a hinge, which allows them to be adjusted to the desired angle or distance.
On the other hand, a compass is a navigational tool that is used for finding direction. It typically consists of a magnetic needle that is suspended on a pivot and aligned with the Earth’s magnetic field. The needle points towards the Earth’s magnetic North Pole, which allows the user to determine their direction of travel.
So, while both “pair of compasses” and “compass” involve measuring or determining direction, they refer to different tools with distinct purposes.
238
driver = conductor
What are the responsibilities of a bus driver?
vs.
conductor = director de orquesta
What are the responsibilities of a conductor?
In English, a driver typically refers to someone who operates a vehicle such as a car, truck, or bus. Their responsibilities include safely driving passengers or cargo from one location to another, obeying traffic laws and regulations, maintaining the vehicle, and ensuring the safety of all passengers.
On the other hand, a conductor in English typically refers to someone who leads an orchestra or other musical ensemble. Their responsibilities include interpreting the music and guiding the musicians in their performance, managing rehearsals, and coordinating with other staff members and performers to ensure a successful performance.
239
coffee = café
vs.
café = cafetería
vs.
cafetería = cantina
Which café serves the best coffee in your area?
What is the environment like in a hospital cafeteria compared to a normal one?
In English, “coffee” refers to the hot beverage made from roasted coffee beans. “Café” in Spanish also refers to coffee, but it can also mean a coffeehouse or a coffee shop. A “cafetería” in Spanish refers to a cafeteria, which is a place where food and drinks are served, often in a school, office building, or other institutional setting. “Cantina” in Spanish can refer to a bar or tavern that serves alcoholic drinks and sometimes food.
240
a person’s build = complexión
How would you describe your build?
vs.
complexion = tez
Why do some people have a complex about their complexion?
In English, a person’s build refers to their overall physical body size, shape, and muscularity, whereas in Spanish, the word “complexión” refers specifically to a person’s body type, including their bone structure and general appearance.
For example, in English, you might say “I have a lean build” to describe your physique, whereas in Spanish, you might say “tengo una complexión delgada” to describe your body type.
On the other hand, complexion in English refers to the color and texture of a person’s skin, whereas in Spanish, “tez” refers specifically to the color of a person’s skin.
241
friendliness = simpatía
vs.
sympathy = compasión
What is the difference between friendliness and sympathy?
get along with = simpatizar
Who do you get along with the most in your extended family?
vs.
sympathise = compadecer
Do you sympathise with trade unions?
The main difference between friendliness and sympathy is that friendliness refers to a warm and pleasant behavior towards others, while sympathy refers to the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, especially in difficult situations.
Regarding “get along with” and “sympathise,” they also have slightly different meanings. “Get along with” refers to having a positive relationship or connection with someone, while “sympathize” refers to feeling compassion or understanding for someone’s situation or feelings.
242
translate = traducir
Why shouldn’t we translate literally from Spanish to English?
vs.
traduce = difamar
How would you deal with a person who tried to traduce your character?
vs.
move = trasladar
How many times have you moved in your life?
The word “traduce” in Spanish has a negative connotation and means “to defame or slander,” while “translate” in English means “to express the sense of words or text in another language.” As for “move,” it means “to change one’s place of residence or business” in English.
243
trap = trampa
Would you agree with someone who says that social media is a trap?
vs.
tramp = vagabundo
Why would someone become a tramp?
The words “trap” and “tramp” are homophones (words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings).
Trap: a device used for catching animals or a situation that is difficult to escape from.
Example: She fell into a trap when she trusted him with her personal information.
Tramp: a person who travels from place to place on foot and does not have a home or a job.
Example: He became a tramp after losing his job and house.
It’s important to use these words correctly in context to avoid misunderstandings.
244
vowel = vocal
Do you know all the vowel sounds in English?
vs.
vocal = que hace hincapié, que alza la voz
Would you like to be vocal about any social, economic or political issue?
What is the role of our vocal chords in our body?
The word “vowel” refers to a letter in the English alphabet that represents a speech sound made with the mouth open and without any obstruction to the tongue, lips or throat. In English, there are five vowel letters (a, e, i, o, and u), but there are actually more vowel sounds than letters due to different combinations and variations.
The word “vocal” refers to someone or something that emphasizes or raises their voice, or relates to the voice or speech. For example, a person who is vocal about a social issue is someone who speaks up and expresses their opinion or concern about it. The term “vocal” can also refer to the musical part that requires singing or using the voice in some way.
As for the role of our vocal chords, they are located in the throat and play a crucial role in producing sounds for speech, singing, and other vocalizations. The vocal chords vibrate as air passes through them, creating sounds that we shape into words using our tongue, lips, and teeth.
245
octopus = pulpo
How intelligent do you think an octopus is?
vs.
pulp = pulpa
The pulp of which fruit do you find the tastiest?
“Octopus” refers to a sea animal with eight arms, a soft body, and the ability to change colors and camouflage itself. Octopuses are known for their intelligence, problem-solving skills, and ability to use tools, and are often studied by scientists to learn more about animal behavior and cognition.
“Pulp,” on the other hand, refers to the soft, juicy tissue inside a fruit or vegetable. For example, the pulp of an orange is the fleshy, edible part of the fruit that is rich in vitamin C. Pulp can also refer to the soft, mashed-up paper used to make paper products such as newspapers or cardboard.
246
worried = preocupado
What kinds of issues are you worried about?
vs.
preoccupied = distraído
What is it important to make sure that we are not preoccupied when doing an important task?
“Worried” and “preoccupied” are two different words with different meanings.
“Worried” means to feel anxiety or concern about a situation or problem. For example, if someone is worried about their health, it means they are anxious or concerned about their physical condition.
On the other hand, “preoccupied” means to be completely absorbed in one’s thoughts or occupied with something else, so much so that one is not paying attention to their surroundings. For example, if someone is preoccupied with their own thoughts while driving, it can lead to an accident.
It is important to make sure that we are not preoccupied when doing an important task because being preoccupied can affect our ability to focus and make good decisions. It can also cause us to miss important details or opportunities.
247
plot/piece of land = parcela
How expensive is a plot of land in your area compared to your neighbouring area?
vs.
parcel = paquete
When was the last time you sent or received a parcel? What did the parcel contain?
The term “parcela” in Spanish can refer to a plot or piece of land, usually for agricultural or residential purposes. Here are the explanations for the two phrases in question:
Plot/piece of land = parcela: This refers to a specific area of land, typically with defined boundaries, that is used for a specific purpose such as farming or building a house. The price of a plot of land can vary depending on factors such as location, size, and intended use.
Parcel = paquete: This refers to a package or shipment that is sent or received through the mail or delivery service. The contents of a parcel can vary widely, from personal items like clothing or electronics to business-related items like documents or products.
So, the two terms are related to different contexts and uses of the word “parcel”.
248
annoy = molestar – fastidiar
What kinds of things annoy you about your neighbours/society?
vs.
molest abusar (sexualmente)
What can be done to deal with the risk of adults molesting minors?
vs.
fastidious = perfeccionista, detallista, exigente
What are the pros and cons of being fastidious?
The words “annoy,” “molest,” and “fastidious” have different meanings and connotations.
“Annoy” refers to things that bother or irritate a person, such as loud noise or rude behavior. For example, you may be annoyed by your neighbor’s loud music or by people talking loudly in a movie theater.
“Molest” has a much more serious meaning, referring to sexual abuse or harassment. This is a very serious issue that can have long-lasting psychological effects on the victims. Preventing child molestation involves educating children and parents about what constitutes inappropriate behavior and creating a safe and supportive environment for children to report any incidents of abuse.
“Fastidious” refers to someone who is very detail-oriented and meticulous. Being fastidious can be a positive trait in some situations, such as in certain professions like medicine or engineering where attention to detail is critical. However, being overly fastidious can also be a negative trait as it can lead to excessive perfectionism, procrastination, and difficulty in making decisions.
In summary, while these words may have similar sounding translations in Spanish, they have different meanings and should be used carefully to avoid confusion or unintended meanings.
249
poverty = miseria/pobreza
vs.
misery = sufrimiento
What kind of misery does poverty cause in a person’s life?
Poverty and misery are two related but distinct concepts. Poverty generally refers to the state of lacking sufficient material possessions or resources to meet basic needs, such as food, shelter, and healthcare. Poverty can be caused by a variety of factors, including limited access to education and employment opportunities, discrimination, and systemic economic inequality.
Misery, on the other hand, refers to a state of intense suffering or distress, often resulting from a combination of external circumstances and personal struggles. This can include physical suffering, emotional pain, or mental illness, among other things.
While poverty can certainly contribute to feelings of misery, it is not always the sole cause. Similarly, someone can experience misery without necessarily being in a state of poverty. It is important to recognize the complex and multifaceted nature of both poverty and misery, and to work towards addressing the root causes of both in order to promote greater wellbeing and social justice.
250
maybe = a lo mejor
Would you say that maybe Mesi is the best football player in the world?
vs.
the best-case scenario = en el mejor de los casos
In the best case scenario, what would you do if you left your current job/school?
“Maybe” and “a lo mejor” are both used to express uncertainty or possibility. They indicate that something is not certain or definitive, but there is a chance that it could be true. For example, “maybe Messi is the best football player in the world” suggests that there is a possibility that Messi is the best player, but it is not a certainty.
On the other hand, “the best-case scenario” and “en el mejor de los casos” are used to describe the most favorable or desirable outcome in a given situation. It is often used in planning or decision-making processes to determine the best possible outcome, even though it may not be the most likely. For example, “in the best-case scenario, I would find a job that pays more and is more fulfilling than my current one.”