151

Armas: weapons or firearms

Anything can be considered a weapon. Firearms are guns and other weapons that produce some sort of an explosion. An arm is a part of your body.

Is a knife a weapon or a firearm?

Is a gun a weapon or a firearm?

Would your weapon of choice be a normal weapon or a firearm?

The word “armas” refers to both “weapons” and “firearms” in Spanish. However, there is a subtle difference between the two terms.

“Weapons” is a broad term that refers to any object that can be used to cause harm or damage, including firearms, knives, swords, and other types of equipment. In this sense, “armas” encompasses all types of weapons.

On the other hand, “firearms” specifically refers to weapons that use gunpowder or other explosive materials to propel a projectile out of a barrel. In this sense, “armas de fuego” (literally, “fire weapons”) refers specifically to firearms.

So, while “armas” can refer to any type of weapon, “armas de fuego” is a more specific term that refers only to firearms.

152

Nervous vs. Nervioso

Nervioso 1: A woman is on a bus and her kids are jumping around. She feels embarrassed and looks around apologetically saying Son nerviosos. In English, this would be They are hyperactive/They have excessive energy to burn.

Nervioso 2: A man is drunk in a bar and wants to hit someone with his keys. His friend looks around apologetically and says Es nervioso. In English, this would be HE is angry.

Nervioso 3: A man who is not very strong in his personality is getting robbed at gun point. The robber drops the gun by mistake. The scared man picks up the gun and his hands start trembling and shaking. This is the NERVOUS feeling in English.

Have you seen these hyperactive kids in public transport?

Have you seen drunk people like that whose friends are trying to make excuses for them?

Are you nervous before an exam?

How many meaning are there in Spanish usage?

How many can be taken to English?

lose your nerves = become scared and not go ahead

Talk about a situation where you saw someone lose their nerves.

vs.

lose your temper = get angry (perder los nervios en Castellano)

What are the consequences of losing your temper all the time on your health?

When learning a new language, one of the biggest challenges is understanding how words can have multiple meanings depending on the context in which they are used. This is certainly the case with the Spanish word “nervioso,” which can mean different things depending on the situation.

In the first example, a woman is apologizing for her hyperactive children by saying “Son nerviosos.” Here, “nerviosos” is used to describe the behavior of the children – they are jumping around and have excessive energy to burn. In English, we might say that the kids are “hyperactive” or “have a lot of energy.”

In the second example, a man is described as “nervioso” because he is angry and wants to hit someone with his keys. In this case, “nervioso” is used to describe the man’s emotional state – he is feeling agitated and on edge. In English, we might say that the man is “angry” or “agitated.”

In the third example, a man is described as “nervioso” because he is feeling scared and his hands are shaking. Here, “nervioso” is used to describe the man’s physical response to fear. In English, we might say that the man is “nervous” or “afraid.”

So, how many meanings does “nervioso” have in Spanish? It depends on how you count them. In the three examples given, “nervioso” is used to describe different things – behavior, emotion, and physical response. However, all of these meanings are related to the idea of being “nervous” or feeling on edge.

When translating “nervioso” to English, it’s important to pay attention to the context in which the word is used. Depending on the situation, “nervioso” might be translated as “hyperactive,” “angry,” “agitated,” “nervous,” or “afraid.”

It’s also worth noting that “nervioso” is related to the word “nervios” (nerves), which is a common way to refer to the feeling of anxiety or stress in Spanish. In English, we might say that someone has “nerves of steel” or “is feeling nervous” in situations where they are feeling anxious or stressed.

Finally, it’s worth mentioning the phrase “perder los nervios,” which means to “lose your nerves” in Spanish. This can refer to becoming scared and not going ahead with something, or to losing your temper and getting angry. Can you think of a situation where you saw someone lose their nerves or lose their temper? Maybe you were in a high-pressure situation like an exam or a job interview, or maybe you witnessed a heated argument between two people. Regardless of the situation, it’s clear that the idea of being “nervioso” or “losing your nerves” can be a powerful and complex emotion in any language.

153

Last vs. Latest

The latest = lo mas reciente/the newest

What is the latest movie out?

When was the last time you bought the latest phone which was the newest one in the market?

vs. 

The last = no hay mas despues

What was the last movie you watched?

What was your last/previous/ex boss like?

The words “last” and “latest” are both related to time and order, but they have slightly different meanings.

“Last” refers to the final or most recent item in a series or sequence. For example, if you say “I saw the last episode of that TV show,” you mean that you watched the final episode in the series. Similarly, if you say “I ate the last piece of cake,” you mean that you consumed the final piece of cake that was available.

“Latest,” on the other hand, refers to the most recent or up-to-date version of something. For example, if you say “I have the latest version of the software,” you mean that you have the most recent release of the program. Similarly, if you say “I read the latest news on the website,” you mean that you read the most recent articles that were published.

In general, “last” is used to refer to the final item in a series or sequence, while “latest” is used to refer to the most recent or up-to-date version of something. It’s worth noting that “last” can also be used to mean “previous,” as in “I saw him last week,” meaning you saw him the previous week.

So, the key difference between “last” and “latest” is the context in which they are used. If you want to refer to the final or most recent item in a sequence, use “last.” If you want to refer to the most recent or up-to-date version of something, use “latest.”

154

Context = related to language

Do you understand the context of the song/text?

vs. 

Situation= related to what happens = scenarios

Do you understand the situation you are in?

The words “context” and “situation” both refer to different aspects of the circumstances surrounding something, but they have slightly different meanings and uses.

“Context” generally refers to the information or background that is needed to understand something, particularly in terms of language. It is often used in discussions about literature, art, and other forms of communication. For example, if someone asks “Do you understand the context of the song/text?” they are asking if you comprehend the historical, cultural, or linguistic references that the song or text makes use of. Understanding context helps to provide a deeper understanding and interpretation of the meaning behind the words.

On the other hand, “situation” refers to the specific circumstances or scenarios that someone finds themselves in. It is often used in everyday conversation to refer to the things that are happening around us. For example, if someone asks “Do you understand the situation you are in?” they are asking if you comprehend the details of the circumstances that surround you, including the people, events, and other factors that may be affecting you.

In general, “context” is used to refer to the background or information needed to understand something, particularly in terms of language, while “situation” is used to refer to the specific circumstances or scenarios that someone finds themselves in. Both words are important for understanding and communicating effectively, as they help to provide a deeper understanding of the circumstances at hand.

155

 tow truck = grua para llevar coches

Have you ever had to call a tow truck to tow your car after it broke down?

vs.

crane = grua para construccion

Do you know anyone who operates a crane?

The words “tow truck” and “crane” both refer to types of vehicles that are designed to lift or move other objects, but they have different uses and purposes.

A “tow truck” is a vehicle equipped with a crane or winch, used to move and transport other vehicles that are unable to move on their own. Tow trucks are typically used to transport vehicles that have broken down or been involved in an accident. When someone’s car breaks down on the side of the road and they need to move it to a repair shop or a safe location, they might call a tow truck to help move the vehicle. Tow trucks are commonly seen on the road, helping to clear accidents or disabled vehicles.

On the other hand, a “crane” is a large, tall machine that is used to lift heavy objects, typically in construction or industrial settings. Cranes are used to lift and move materials such as steel beams, concrete blocks, and heavy equipment on construction sites or industrial facilities. They are operated by specially trained individuals and require a high level of expertise to operate safely.

In summary, a “tow truck” is used to transport vehicles that are unable to move on their own, while a “crane” is used to lift and move heavy objects, typically in construction or industrial settings. They are both important types of machinery that serve different purposes and are used in different contexts.

156

agenda vs. diary vs. timetable vs. daily vs. dairy

Incorrect: I opened my agenda

Correct: I opened my diary

agenda = el orden del dia – los planes – las prioridades

What is normally on the agenda of a company meeting? Objectives

vs.

diary = book in which you write you r appointments etc

Do you keep a diary in which you write down your thought? Note book type thing

vs.

schedule -timetable = horario

Do you have a diary for your timetable/schedule and appointments? Routine

diary = a book with your schedule and plans = daai @ri

What are the pros and cons of keeping a diary?

vs. 

daily = every day = dei li

Talk about your daily routine.

vs. 

dairy = milk products = dei ri

Mention some dairy products.

Agenda, diary, timetable, daily, and dairy are all words that sound similar but have vastly different meanings. Here’s a breakdown of each of these words and what they mean.

Agenda:

An agenda is a list of items to be discussed or accomplished during a meeting, event, or workday. Typically, an agenda will outline the objectives, goals, deadlines, and action items for the meeting or event. Agendas help keep meetings and events on track and ensure that important topics are covered.

Diary:

A diary is a personal book or journal in which an individual can record their daily events, thoughts, and plans. Diaries can be used to organize one’s thoughts and schedule, track progress, and reflect on personal goals and emotions. Diaries are often used to keep track of important appointments, meetings, and deadlines.

Timetable:

A timetable, or schedule, is a plan or chart that outlines specific times for different activities or events. Timetables are often used in schools, transportation, and other areas where precise timing is important. They can include things like class schedules, bus or train schedules, and work schedules.

Daily:

Daily refers to something that happens every day. For example, a daily routine might include waking up at the same time every morning, eating breakfast, going to work or school, and exercising.

Dairy:

Dairy refers to milk and milk-based products such as cheese, butter, and yogurt. These products are typically made from cow’s milk but can also be made from other types of milk, such as goat or sheep milk.

In summary, while these words may sound similar, they have vastly different meanings. Agendas are used to plan meetings and events, diaries are used to record personal events and thoughts, timetables are used to plan out specific times for activities, daily refers to something that happens every day, and dairy refers to milk-based products. Understanding the differences between these words can help individuals communicate more effectively and use these tools more efficiently in their daily lives.

157

lose hope = perder la esperanza

What makes someone lose hope?

vs. 

desperate = urgently need

When was the last time you desperately needed to go to the toilet and couldn’t find one?

The phrases “lose hope” and “desperate” are different in meaning, but they can be related in some situations.

“Lose hope” means to give up on a situation or outcome, to feel that there is no chance of success or improvement. This can happen when someone faces a prolonged period of difficulty or hardship, or when they have experienced a significant setback. It can also happen when someone has been trying to achieve a goal for a long time and sees no progress.

Some things that can make someone lose hope are chronic illness, financial struggles, job loss, loss of a loved one, and relationship difficulties. When someone loses hope, they may become disengaged, isolated, and withdrawn.

On the other hand, “desperate” means to have an urgent need or desire for something, often something essential or critical. For example, if someone is in urgent need of medical attention, they are desperate for medical care. Similarly, if someone urgently needs to find a bathroom, they are desperate to use the restroom.

The two phrases can be related in situations where someone loses hope because they are in a desperate situation. For example, someone who has been unemployed for a long time may become desperate for a job and eventually lose hope of finding one. Alternatively, someone who is struggling with a chronic illness may become desperate for a cure or relief and eventually lose hope of ever feeling better.

In summary, “lose hope” means to give up on a situation, while “desperate” means to have an urgent need or desire for something. While the two phrases can be related in certain situations, they have different meanings and should be used appropriately in conversation.

158

break = romper = solid things

Did you ever break a neighbour’s window while playing?

Give a list of solid things that can be broken. .

vs.

tear = romper = todo tejido o papel

Have you ever torn your trousers or shirt?

Give a list of things that can be torn.

fracture = bones

Have you ever had a fracture?

vs.

tear = tejidos

What are some possible ways that you can tear a muscle?

The words “break,” “tear,” and “fracture” all refer to different types of damage, and are used to describe different types of objects.

“Break” refers to the act of causing something to separate into pieces or fragments, often due to force or pressure. Some solid things that can be broken include glass, ceramics, bones, and wooden objects. When something is broken, it may be irreparable or require significant effort to fix.

“Tear,” on the other hand, refers to the act of ripping or separating something, often a fabric or paper material, along its fibers or surface. Some things that can be torn include clothing, paper, and other soft materials. When something is torn, it can often be repaired with sewing, glue, or other methods.

Lastly, “fracture” refers specifically to a type of break in a bone, where the bone is partially or completely broken due to force or trauma. Fractures can occur due to falls, accidents, or other types of physical impact. Unlike broken objects, fractures often require medical attention and may take weeks or months to heal.

In terms of tearing a muscle, this can occur due to overuse, strain, or other types of physical stress on the muscle tissue. It can happen during exercise or other physical activity, and may require rest, physical therapy, or other treatments to heal properly.

In summary, while “break,” “tear,” and “fracture” all describe different types of damage, they can all have significant consequences and require different types of attention and care to repair. It’s important to use these words appropriately in conversation, depending on the context of the damage being discussed.

159

reading = lectura

Why is reading regularly important for us?

vs. 

lecture = charla/conferencia

What are the pros and cons of university lectures where hundreds of students just sit there listening to explanations by a professor?

vs.

teacher = profesor

vs.

professor = catedrático

Are the teaching challenges the same for a teacher and a professor?

Reading, lecture, teacher, and professor are all terms related to education, but they have different meanings and contexts.

Reading refers to the activity of interpreting and understanding written or printed text. It is an essential skill that helps individuals acquire knowledge, improve vocabulary and communication skills, and develop critical thinking and imagination. Regular reading habits can enhance memory, reduce stress, and improve mental health.

A lecture is a formal presentation or talk on a specific topic, often delivered by a professor or an expert in the field. The goal of a lecture is to inform, educate and inspire the audience, and it can be an effective way to transmit information and ideas to a large group of students. However, some drawbacks of lectures include lack of interaction and engagement, passive learning, and the potential for students to tune out or become disinterested.

A teacher is a person who educates and instructs students, typically in a school or university setting. Teachers play a crucial role in shaping young minds, imparting knowledge, and promoting positive learning experiences. They are responsible for creating lesson plans, grading assignments, and providing feedback to students. A professor, on the other hand, is a more senior and experienced academic who teaches at the university level, conducts research, and publishes scholarly work.

While both teachers and professors face similar challenges in the classroom, such as managing diverse learning styles, motivating students, and maintaining discipline, professors may also have additional responsibilities, such as advising graduate students, mentoring junior faculty, and participating in academic committees and research projects.

In summary, reading, lecture, teacher, and professor are all essential components of education, but they serve different purposes and require different skills and responsibilities. Reading is a fundamental activity that can enhance personal and intellectual growth, while lectures and teaching can be effective ways to disseminate knowledge and inspire students to learn and think critically. Teachers and professors both face unique challenges, but they play vital roles in shaping the minds and futures of their students.

160

plate = item

Where do you keep your dishes/plates?

vs. 

dish = item/food

Who used to do the dishes in your house when you were little?

What’s your favourite dish?

In English, “plate” and “dish” are both words that can refer to items, but they have different meanings and connotations.

“Plate” usually refers to a flat, round or oval dish that is used for serving or eating food. It is often made of ceramic, glass, or metal, and may be plain or decorated. People typically keep plates in a cupboard or on a shelf in the kitchen, and take them out as needed for meals.

“Dish” can have several meanings. It can refer to an item used for serving or preparing food, such as a bowl or a pan. In this sense, it is similar to “plate.” However, “dish” can also refer to a specific type of food, such as a main course, a side dish, or a dessert. When someone asks, “What’s your favorite dish?”, they are usually referring to a particular food or recipe.

In addition, “doing the dishes” typically refers to the act of washing and cleaning the plates, bowls, and utensils that were used during a meal, rather than just the plates themselves. This task is often assigned to children or whoever did not cook the meal.

161

cause = provocar

What kinds of things can cause cancer?

How much damage can toxic people cause in a company/in a relationship?

vs. 

make = ocasionar

What makes rain?

What makes you happy?

What makes people work hard?

vs.

provoke = provocar choques  

Why do people provoke others?

What kind of behaviour would provoke you into hitting someone?

Spanish and English are two different languages with their own nuances and subtleties. While some words might seem to have similar meanings in both languages, it is important to understand the different contexts in which they are used. In this article, we will explore the differences between the Spanish word “provoke” and its English counterpart “cause” and “make.”

Cause – Provocar

The Spanish word “provocar” is often used to mean “cause” or “trigger.” It is used to describe the action of bringing about a particular result or effect. For example, “¿Qué cosas pueden provocar cáncer?” translates to “What things can cause cancer?” Here, “provocar” is used to describe the action that results in cancer.

In a different context, “¿Cuánto daño pueden provocar las personas tóxicas en una empresa/en una relación?” translates to “How much damage can toxic people cause in a company/in a relationship?” Here, “provocar” is used to describe the action that leads to damage or harm.

Make – Ocasionar

The English word “make” can be translated to “ocasionar” in Spanish. It is often used to describe the action of causing something to happen or exist. For example, “¿Qué hace llover?” translates to “What makes it rain?” Here, “hace” is used as a form of “make” to describe the action that leads to rain.

In a different context, “¿Qué te hace feliz?” translates to “What makes you happy?” Here, “hace” is used to describe the action that leads to happiness.

Provoke – Provocar Choques

The Spanish word “provocar” can also be used to mean “provoke” in English. However, in this context, it is often used to describe the action of deliberately causing a reaction or response. For example, “¿Por qué la gente provoca a los demás?” translates to “Why do people provoke others?” Here, “provocar” is used to describe the action of deliberately causing a reaction in others.

In a different context, “¿Qué tipo de comportamiento te provocaría a golpear a alguien?” translates to “What kind of behavior would provoke you into hitting someone?” Here, “provocar” is used to describe the action of causing a response in oneself.

In conclusion, while some words might have similar meanings in Spanish and English, it is important to understand the context in which they are used. Understanding the subtle differences between these words can help us better communicate and avoid misunderstandings.

162

Leave vs. Let

I let my kids play outside.

They let me have a break at 12.

Would you let your kids play outside in the dark?

What time would you let your workers have a morning break?

Is there a TO?

Is the concept about permission?

=

I allow my kids to play outside.

They allow me to have a break at 12.

Would you allow your kids to play outside in the dark?

What time would you allow your workers to have a morning break?

Is there a TO?

Is the concept about permission?

vs. 

I will leave you to do your work. This means that I am going and you can do your thing.

Why should we leave our students to discover some concepts themselves instead of giving them the answers?

Is the concept about permission?

Is the concept more about going and leaving the person alone to do something?

The English language has many words with similar meanings, but with subtle differences. One such example is the difference between “leave” and “let.” These two words are often used interchangeably, but they have different connotations and implications.

“Let” is used to give permission to someone to do something. For example, “I let my kids play outside” means that you are giving them permission to play outside. Similarly, “They let me have a break at 12” means that someone else is giving you permission to take a break at 12. The concept of permission is central to the use of “let.”

“Allow” can be used interchangeably with “let” to convey the same concept of permission. For example, “I allow my kids to play outside” and “They allow me to have a break at 12” both convey the idea of giving permission.

On the other hand, “leave” is used to indicate that someone is going and leaving another person or thing behind. For example, “I will leave you to do your work” means that you are going away and leaving the other person to do their work. Similarly, “Why should we leave our students to discover some concepts themselves instead of giving them the answers?” means that the speaker is suggesting that they step back and let the students learn independently.

The concept of permission is not central to the use of “leave.” Instead, the concept is more about going and leaving the person or thing behind. While “let” and “allow” are similar in their meaning, “leave” has a different implication.

In conclusion, “let” and “leave” are two words that are often used interchangeably but have different meanings. While “let” and “allow” are used to indicate permission, “leave” is used to indicate that someone is going away and leaving something or someone behind. It is important to understand the subtle differences between these words to use them correctly in different contexts.

163

sanitary = de hygiene

What can you buy from a sanitary store?

Give examples sanitary products for females.

vs. 

healthcare = salud

How good is the healthcare system in your country?

What is salary of a health worker like in your country?

sane = cuerdo

What kinds of things can affect the sanity of a sane person?

vs.

healthy = sano

What kinds of things can affect the health of a healthy person?

Spanish and English have many words that may look or sound similar but have different meanings. In this article, we will explore the differences between the words “sanitary,” “healthcare,” “sane,” and “healthy.”

Sanitary is an adjective that refers to things that are related to hygiene or cleanliness. For example, a sanitary store would sell products that are used to maintain personal hygiene or keep the environment clean. Some examples of sanitary products for females are sanitary pads, tampons, and menstrual cups.

On the other hand, healthcare is a noun that refers to the organized provision of medical care to individuals or communities. The quality of healthcare services and the availability of healthcare resources can differ significantly from country to country. In some countries, healthcare is provided for free, while in others, patients have to pay for their medical treatments. In addition, the salary of a health worker can vary depending on the country and their level of education and experience.

Sane is an adjective that describes a person who is mentally healthy or has a sound mind. It is used to describe someone who is rational and able to make good judgments. However, there are many factors that can affect the sanity of a person, including trauma, mental illness, substance abuse, and stress.

Healthy, on the other hand, is an adjective that describes a person who is physically and mentally well. To maintain good health, it is essential to maintain a balanced diet, exercise regularly, get enough sleep, and avoid unhealthy habits such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

In conclusion, although the words sanitary, healthcare, sane, and healthy may seem similar at first glance, they have different meanings and contexts. Understanding these differences can help us use them correctly and communicate more effectively.

164

Torpe

clumsy = physically

Give examples of someone being clumsy physically.

vs.

awkward = socially

Give examples of someone being awkward socially or making awkward comments.

vs.

be hopeless at something = habilidad

How would you help someone who was hopeless at talking to the opposite sex? 

In English, there are different ways to express the concept of “torpe” depending on the context and the type of behavior being described. Here are some examples:

Clumsy: This refers to someone who is physically awkward or uncoordinated, often leading to accidents or mishaps. For example, someone who frequently trips and falls, drops things, or bumps into objects could be described as clumsy.

Awkward: This describes someone who is socially uncomfortable or lacking in social skills. It can also refer to situations that are uncomfortable or embarrassing. For example, someone who struggles to make conversation or make friends could be described as awkward. Awkward situations could include a failed attempt at humor, a mispronounced name, or an inappropriate comment.

Hopeless at something: This describes someone who lacks ability or skill in a particular area. For example, someone who is hopeless at sports may struggle to catch a ball or run without falling. In the context of talking to the opposite sex, someone who is hopeless at it may struggle to initiate or maintain a conversation, or may come across as awkward or uncomfortable.

165

book shop = libreria

What kinds of things can you buy from a book shop?

vs.

library = biblioteca

When was the last time you borrowed a book from a library?

The difference between a book shop and a library is that a book shop is a store where you can purchase books, while a library is a place where you can borrow books to read for a period of time.

In a book shop, you can buy books of different genres, such as fiction, non-fiction, biographies, self-help, children’s books, and more. You can also find magazines, journals, and other reading materials in a book shop. Additionally, book shops may sell stationary items like bookmarks, pens, and notebooks.

On the other hand, a library is a place where you can borrow books, magazines, newspapers, and other reading materials. Libraries typically have a vast collection of books, both fiction and non-fiction, covering a wide range of topics. They may also have special collections, such as rare books or local history archives, that can be accessed by researchers. In a library, you can borrow books for a certain period of time, usually a few weeks, and then return them for others to borrow.

Overall, the main difference between a book shop and a library is that a book shop is for purchasing books and a library is for borrowing them. Both places offer access to reading materials, but they have different functions and purposes.

166

to be cold = tener frio

When was the last time you were so cold that you were shivering?

vs. 

to have a cold = estar constipado

What kinds of things help you when you have a cold?

vs.

constipated = estar estreñido 

What can you do if you are constipated?

In both Spanish and English, there are different ways to express being cold or not feeling well. Let’s take a closer look at the differences between the phrases “to be cold,” “to have a cold,” and “to be constipated.”

To be cold, or “tener frio” in Spanish, refers to feeling cold due to external factors such as the weather or a cold environment. This feeling can cause shivering or discomfort. For example, you may feel cold if you forget to bring a jacket on a chilly day, or if you are in a room with the air conditioning set too low.

On the other hand, “to have a cold” or “estar constipado” refers to a specific illness caused by a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms of a cold can include coughing, sneezing, a runny nose, and congestion. When you have a cold, you may feel tired, achy, and generally unwell.

If you are experiencing a cold, there are a few things you can do to feel better. Drinking plenty of fluids, resting, and taking over-the-counter medications like decongestants or pain relievers can help relieve symptoms. In contrast, being cold due to external factors can be addressed by bundling up in warm clothing, moving to a warmer area, or turning up the heat.

Lastly, being constipated, or “estar estreñido” in Spanish, refers to difficulty passing stool or infrequent bowel movements. This can cause discomfort, bloating, and other symptoms. Some common causes of constipation include not drinking enough fluids, lack of fiber in the diet, or certain medications. To alleviate constipation, you can try drinking more water, eating fiber-rich foods, or taking a mild laxative.

In summary, while the phrases “to be cold,” “to have a cold,” and “to be constipated” may sound similar in both Spanish and English, they refer to distinct experiences and conditions. By understanding these differences, you can better communicate your symptoms and seek the appropriate treatment.

167

preservatives = conservantes

How was life before we started to put preservatives in food?

vs.

condoms = preservativos

What are the benefits of using condoms?

While the two words may sound similar, they have very different meanings and uses.

Preservatives, also known as conservantes in Spanish, are substances that are added to food to extend its shelf life and prevent spoilage. Preservatives have been used for centuries, but their use became more widespread in the 20th century with the rise of processed and packaged foods. Preservatives are controversial because some people believe that they can have negative health effects, while others argue that they are necessary to prevent food waste.

On the other hand, condoms, or preservativos in Spanish, are a type of contraceptive device that is used during sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy and reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections. Condoms have been in use for thousands of years in various forms, but modern condoms made of latex or polyurethane were first introduced in the 20th century. Condoms are widely available and are considered an effective and affordable form of contraception.

In summary, preservatives are substances added to food to prevent spoilage and extend shelf life, while condoms are a form of contraceptive device used during sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy and reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections.

168

to be embarrassed = tener vergüenza

What kinds of things can make you feel embarrassed in a social situation?

vs.

to be pregnant = estar embarazada

What precautions are necessary to take when you are pregnant?

The words “embarrassed” and “pregnant” may sound similar to some, but they have very different meanings and contexts of use.

To be embarrassed means to feel self-conscious, uncomfortable, or ashamed in a social situation. This can happen for a variety of reasons, such as making a mistake, being caught in a lie, or experiencing an awkward moment. Some common examples of situations that can make people feel embarrassed are tripping in public, forgetting someone’s name, or accidentally sending an embarrassing text message.

On the other hand, to be pregnant means to be carrying a developing embryo or fetus in the uterus. This is a physical condition that is unique to women and is typically a result of sexual intercourse or other forms of artificial insemination. When a woman is pregnant, there are many precautions that need to be taken to ensure the health of both the mother and the developing baby. This includes things like eating a healthy diet, avoiding certain foods and substances, and getting regular prenatal care.

In summary, while “embarrassed” and “pregnant” may sound confusing, they are completely different words with distinct meanings and contexts of use. Embarrassment relates to social situations and feelings of self-consciousness, while pregnancy is a physical condition that requires special care and attention.

169

carry out/perform = realizar

What do you do to make sure that you carry out your tasks well?

What are the benefits of performing your duties in the best way possible?

vs.

realise = darse cuenta

Why have you never realised that realise doesn’t mean realizar?

Can you say REALISE OF SOMETHING? No

Do you have to say REALISE SOMETHING without the preposition OF? Yes

Have you realised that you have to use the verb realise without the preposition OF?

Talking about Santa Claus not existing, when did you realise that?

Have you realised that there is no preposition after the verb realise?
Do we realise things or do we realise about things?

I realised about that = incorrect
I realised that. Correct = no preposition

The verbs “carry out/perform” and “realise” have different meanings and usage in English.

To “carry out” or “perform” a task means to complete it or execute it according to the instructions or requirements. It often implies a sense of responsibility and accountability for the task’s success or failure. For example, in a job setting, an employee may be expected to carry out their assigned tasks efficiently and effectively to meet company goals.

On the other hand, “realise” means to become aware of something or to understand it fully. It is often used to describe a moment of sudden comprehension or realization, such as realizing a mistake or an important truth. For example, a student may realize they made a mistake on a test after receiving their grade.

It is important to note that in English, “realize” is never followed by the preposition “of.” Therefore, the correct sentence structure would be “I realized that” instead of “I realized of that.”

In conclusion, while “realizar” may translate to both “carry out/perform”, “realise” in Spanish means darse cuenta. They have different meanings and usage. “Carry out/perform” refers to completing a task, while “realise” means to become aware of something. It is crucial to understand the proper usage of these verbs in English to avoid confusion and communicate effectively.

170

bargains = gangas

Which supermarket offers you the best bargains?

vs.

gangs = pandillas

Why do people join gangs?

The words “bargains” and “gangs” are homonyms in Spanish, but they have completely different meanings in English.

“Bargains” refers to a good deal or a favorable price for a product or service. It is commonly used in the context of shopping or retail, where people are looking for the best deals on products they want to buy.

On the other hand, “gangs” refers to a group of individuals who engage in criminal activities, often involving violence, drug trafficking, or other illegal activities. Joining a gang is often a result of poverty, lack of opportunities, or a desire for a sense of belonging.

While these words may sound similar in Spanish, they are completely unrelated in English and have very different connotations and meanings.

171

titulo academico = qualification

What qualifications are required to do your job/your parents’ job?

vs.

Don/Sir/Doctor = title

Why don’t we use titles to refer to people nowadays like in the past?

vs.

title = the name of a book/article etc

What is the title of your favourite book?

The word “title” can have different meanings depending on the context in which it is used.

In the context of education and employment, “title” can refer to an academic degree or professional certification, which is commonly known as a “qualification” in English. For example, to work as a doctor, one needs to have a medical degree, which is a type of qualification or academic title. Similarly, to work in a specific field, employers often require certain qualifications or degrees.

On the other hand, “title” can also refer to a term of address used to show respect or honor to someone, such as “Don,” “Sir,” or “Doctor.” In modern times, the use of titles to address people has become less common, and many people prefer to be addressed by their first name.

Lastly, “title” can also refer to the name of a book, article, or other written work. For example, the title of a book could be “To Kill a Mockingbird” or “The Great Gatsby.” In this context, the title serves as a brief description of the content and is used to distinguish the work from others.

In summary, “title” can have different meanings depending on the context. It can refer to an academic degree or professional certification, a term of address used to show respect or honor, or the name of a written work.

172

to remember = recorder

What are some of the first memories you remember?

vs.

remind = recorder a alguien

Did you need someone to remind you to do your homework?

vs. 

recollect = recorder

Can you recollect easily everything you did last weekend?

vs. 

collect – gather – harvest – pick (fruit and flowers)  = recolectar

Have you ever picked oranges from the trees?

How do charities collect money for their causes?

Have you ever seen a farmer harvesting the crop with your own eyes being there with them in person in the fields?

vs. 

record = grabar

Why do people record their birthdays and other celebrations? Do you do that?

vs. 

register – put your name down for – enrol = inscribirse

Why don’t Young people like to register themselves to go to the army?

Why don’t Young people like to put their names down for the army?

Why don’t Young people like to enrol in the army?

vs.

record = registrar

Why is it important to record all the important points in a register during work related meeting?

The Spanish language has several words that translate to “remember” in English, but each has its own specific meaning and usage. Let’s take a closer look at the differences between “remember,” “remind,” “recollect,” “collect,” and “record.”

“Remember” is used to refer to the ability to recall information, events, or experiences from the past. For example, “What are some of the first memories you remember?” It can also be used to make a request for someone to bring something to mind, such as “Can you remember to buy milk at the store?”

“Remind,” on the other hand, is used when someone needs to be prompted to remember something. For example, “Did you need someone to remind you to do your homework?” It implies that the person has forgotten something and needs to be reminded of it.

“Recollect” is similar to “remember” but has a more formal tone. It implies a deliberate effort to recall something, such as “Can you recollect easily everything you did last weekend?”

“Collect,” “gather,” “harvest,” and “pick” are all translations of the Spanish verb “recolectar.” They all refer to the act of gathering or picking up something, such as fruit, flowers, or money for charity. For example, “How do charities collect money for their causes?” or “Have you ever seen a farmer harvesting the crop with your own eyes being there with them in person in the fields?”

“Record” is used to refer to the act of creating a permanent or temporary copy of sound or visual information. For example, “Why do people record their birthdays and other celebrations? Do you do that?” or “Why is it important to record all the important points in a register during a work-related meeting?”

“Register,” “put your name down for,” and “enrol” are all translations of the Spanish verb “inscribirse.” They are used to refer to the act of signing up for something, such as a course, a job, or the army. For example, “Why don’t young people like to register themselves to go to the army?” or “Why is it important to enrol in a good university?”

In conclusion, although the Spanish verbs “recordar” and “recolectar” can both be translated as “remember” and “collect” respectively, it’s important to understand the nuances and specific meanings of each English translation. Similarly, “remind,” “recollect,” “record,” and “register” all have distinct meanings that are important to understand in order to communicate effectively in English.

173

to insert (an object) = introducer
What are some items that you would find if you insert you hand in your mum’s handbag?

vs.

to introduce (people) = presentar

When was the last you introduced someone to another person?

vs. 

to present = exponer

Has your government presented any plans to deal with the current economic problems?

The verbs “introducir” and “presentar” have different meanings in Spanish. “Introducir” means “to insert” or “to put inside”, while “presentar” means “to introduce” in the sense of presenting or making someone known to someone else.

In the first example, “introducir” is used to ask about the items that could be found inside a handbag when you insert your hand into it. This refers to physically placing or inserting your hand into the bag to retrieve items.

In the second example, “presentar” is used to ask about the last time someone introduced someone else to another person. This refers to the act of formally making two people known to each other, typically in a social or professional setting. It doesn’t involve physical insertion or placement of an object, but rather an introduction or presentation of individuals.

The last example shows”To present” which is an English verb that can have multiple meanings depending on the context in which it is used. One of the meanings is to show or display something to others, such as presenting a project, an idea, or an award. Another meaning is to formally introduce someone or something, as in presenting a speaker or presenting evidence in a court of law. 

174

letter = carta

When was the last time you wrote a letter to someone?

vs.

card (bank card) = tarjeta

What are the pros and cons of having a credit card?

vs.

menu = carta

What’s your favourite item on the menu of an Italian restaurant?

In English, “letter” typically refers to a written or printed message that is sent from one person to another. It can be sent through the mail or delivered in person. Writing a letter involves putting thoughts and feelings into words and expressing them in a cohesive manner. It is often considered a more personal and thoughtful way of communication compared to electronic forms of messaging.

On the other hand, “card” in English can refer to various types of cards, such as a bank card, credit card, identification card, or gift card. A bank card or credit card is a plastic card that is issued by a bank or financial institution to an account holder to access their funds or credit. It can be used to make purchases or withdraw cash from ATMs. Having a credit card can offer certain advantages, such as building credit and earning rewards points, but it can also lead to debt and financial difficulties if used irresponsibly.

It is important to note that in Spanish, “carta” can also refer to a menu or a playing card, while “tarjeta” can refer to a greeting card or invitation. The context in which the word is used is crucial in determining its specific meaning.

175

Reason = motive

They have the reason = tienen el motivo

What are the reasons that people have when they ask for a divorce?

vs. 

Be right = tener razon

They are right = tienen razon

Is it easy to stay quiet when you are right about something?

The words “reason” and “motive” both refer to an explanation or cause for something. However, “reason” is often used to explain the rationale behind a decision or action, while “motive” is typically used to refer to the underlying emotional or psychological drive for that decision or action.

For example, in the phrase “They have the reason”, it implies that they have the justification or explanation for something. In the context of divorce, it could refer to the various reasons that a person may have for ending their marriage, such as infidelity, incompatibility, or irreconcilable differences.

On the other hand, “tener razon” means “to be right” in Spanish. In this case, it refers to the correctness of a statement, idea, or belief. When someone says “They are right”, it means that the person is correct in their thinking or assertion.

176

The degree = university studies

What are the most popular degrees in your community?

vs. 

The grade = el nivel de algo/notas

Did you use to get good grades in your maths class?

vs. 

Career = la vida profesional tuya

What are some problems that people face during their career?

In English, there are different terms to refer to different aspects of education and professional life. One of these distinctions is between “degree,” “grade,” and “career.”

A degree refers to the completion of university studies in a particular field, such as a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration or a Master’s degree in Education. When someone asks about the most popular degrees in a community, they are asking about the fields of study that are most commonly pursued by students.

On the other hand, “grade” refers to a level of achievement or performance, often represented by a letter or number on a report card. When someone asks about getting good grades in a particular subject, they are referring to their academic performance in that subject.

Finally, “career” refers to one’s professional life, including their jobs, occupations, and the trajectory of their working life. When someone asks about problems people face during their career, they are referring to issues that arise in the workplace or while pursuing their professional goals.

It’s important to use these terms correctly and understand their distinctions to communicate effectively and avoid confusion.

177

belonging – to belong = pertenencia – pertener

What‘s your most valuable belonging? How long has it belonged to you?

vs.

heritage =  patrimonio cultural

What is a cultural heritage of yours that you are proud of?

vs.

inheritance = herencia

What are some possible issues that can arise over inheritance?

The words belonging, heritage, and inheritance have different meanings and connotations in English.

Belonging refers to something that one owns or possesses, whether it be a physical item or an intangible aspect such as a feeling or connection. The verb “to belong” means to be a part of or to have a rightful place in a particular group or situation. For example, “What’s your most valuable belonging?” refers to a physical item that the person owns and cherishes. “How long has it belonged to you?” implies that the item has been in the person’s possession for a period of time.

Heritage, on the other hand, refers to a cultural or historical aspect that is passed down through generations. It can be tangible, such as a monument or artifact, or intangible, such as a tradition or custom. The phrase “cultural heritage” refers to the shared history and customs of a particular group or society. For example, “What is a cultural heritage of yours that you are proud of?” is asking for a cultural aspect that the person identifies with and is proud of, such as a traditional dance or dish.

Inheritance refers to the transfer of assets or property from one person to another upon the former’s death. This can include physical items, financial assets, or property. “Issues that can arise over inheritance” refers to the legal and familial conflicts that can occur when distributing assets among heirs.

In summary, belonging refers to ownership or possession, heritage refers to cultural or historical aspects, and inheritance refers to the transfer of assets after death.

178

redecorate = decorar lo de nuevo

How would you redecorate your house?
vs.
refurbish = remueblar

How much would it cost to refurbish your house?
vs.
renovate = renovar = obra

What would you have done if you were to renovate your house?
vs.
renew = renovar = papeles

When was the last time you renewed your Passport?

The verbs redecorate, refurbish, renovate, and renew all share the basic idea of making something new or fresh again, but they each have their own specific meaning.

Redecorate means to change the decoration or style of something, often by adding new furnishings or paint. For example, you might redecorate your living room by buying new furniture or repainting the walls.

Refurbish means to clean, repair, or update something that is worn out or outdated, often by replacing or restoring its parts. For example, you might refurbish an old car by replacing its engine or upgrading its interior.

Renovate means to improve or restore a building or property, often by making significant changes to its structure or layout. For example, you might renovate your kitchen by knocking down a wall to make it bigger or installing new cabinets and appliances.

Renew means to update or extend the validity of a legal document, such as a passport or license. For example, you might renew your passport by submitting a new application and paying the renewal fee.

In summary, while all these verbs refer to making something new again, they each have a specific context and meaning. Redecorate and refurbish are used more for updating the appearance or functionality of objects, while renovate is used more for making significant structural changes to buildings or properties. Renew is used specifically for updating legal documents.

179

woods = forest = la S no se puede quitar como la palabra NEWSSSSSS

Do you have any woods in your area?
Do you have any forests near your area?

What do you think of the destruction of the Amazon rainforests?

vs. 

wood = Madera = no S = uncountable como agua

Is your dining table made of wood or glass?

The difference between woods and forest is subtle, but the terms are generally used to refer to different types of wooded areas. “Woods” is often used to describe a smaller area of trees, typically within or adjacent to a residential area or city park. On the other hand, “forest” is used to describe a larger area of trees, typically in a rural or wilderness setting.

Regarding the use of the term “wood,” it refers to the material derived from the stems and branches of trees, which is commonly used for construction and other purposes. It is an uncountable noun, meaning that it cannot be used in the plural form. For example, you cannot say “I have many woods” but you can say “I have much wood.”

180

Reform = Systems

How would you reform your society? Which reforms are required?

vs. 

Renovate = Property

Have you ever renovated you house?

vs. 

Revise = To memorise

What are the benefits of revising the material before an exam?

vs. 

Review = second reading  

Why should we always review our work before handing it in?

vs. 

Check = General (looking for accuracy)

Why is it important to check the quality of your products before sending them to the market?

The English language has several words that seem to have similar meanings, but upon closer inspection, they have distinct differences. In this case, we will explore the differences between the words reform, renovate, revise, review, and check.

Reform typically refers to making changes to a system, whether it be political, social, or economic. It involves modifying and improving current systems, laws, and regulations to create positive change. A good example of this is the reform of the healthcare system to provide better access to medical care for all citizens.

Renovate, on the other hand, refers to the act of improving or modernizing a property, such as a house or office building. Renovations often involve repairing, updating, or upgrading existing structures to make them more functional, attractive, and comfortable.

Revise typically means to review, edit, or relearn information in order to improve understanding or recall. It can refer to going over one’s notes or reviewing study materials to prepare for an exam. In other contexts, it can also refer to the process of editing a written work, such as a novel or report.

Review is similar to revise in that it involves going over information to improve understanding or recall. However, review usually implies a second reading or evaluation of something, whether it be a document, a project, or a performance. For instance, a teacher may review a student’s essay before grading it.

Check, on the other hand, is a more general term that refers to verifying or confirming the accuracy, quality, or condition of something. It can apply to a wide variety of contexts, such as checking the weather forecast before planning a trip or checking the tires on a car before a long drive.

In summary, reform involves making changes to a system, renovate involves improving a property, revise involves studying or editing written work, review involves evaluating something after the fact, and check involves verifying the accuracy or quality of something.

181

Direction = instrucciones

Which direction is your life going in?

How would you get the direction of a new place you were going to?
vs.
Management = direccion en empresas

What are the signs of good management in a company?

vs.

Address = direccion de vivienda

Why shouldn’t we tell everyone our address?

The words “direction,” “management,” and “address” can have different meanings depending on the context in which they are used. Here are the meanings of each word in the different contexts:

“Direction” can refer to the path or course of movement or progress, as in the sentence “Which direction is your life going in?” It can also mean instructions or guidance on how to do something, as in the sentence “How would you get the direction of a new place you were going to?”

“Management” can refer to the process of overseeing or controlling a business or organization, as in the sentence “What are the signs of good management in a company?”

“Address” can refer to the location of a place, as in the sentence “Why shouldn’t we tell everyone our address?” It can also mean the act of speaking to or communicating with someone, as in the sentence “I need to address some concerns with my boss.”

Overall, the difference between the three words lies in their meanings and contexts of use. “Direction” typically refers to guidance or movement, “management” typically refers to the control or oversight of an organization, and “address” typically refers to location or communication.

182

Remember vs. Remind

Remember = acordarse = memory
I remember my childhood, but my sister doesn’t remember her childhood because her memory is really bad now.
Vs.
Remind = recordar = aviso/alertas/you make me remember
You remind me of a friend from my childhood.
I will remind her to do her work on time.

What do you remember about your first day at school?
Vs.
Do you need someone to remind you to do your important tasks?
Does a famous person remind you of any member of your family?

Will you remember to remind me to buy some bread tomorrow morning?

Do you remember to do your work or does someone need to remind you?

If you don’t remember, then some has to remind you.

Do you have an app that sends you reminders to help you remember events and tasks?

The words “remember” and “remind” have different meanings and are used in different ways. Here are their meanings in the different contexts:

“Remember” means to have a recollection or awareness of something from the past, as in the sentence “I remember my childhood.” It can also mean to keep something in mind or to not forget it, as in the sentence “Remember to buy milk on your way home.”

“Remind” means to cause someone to remember something or to bring it to their attention, as in the sentence “You remind me of a friend from my childhood.” It can also mean to give a prompt or a nudge to someone to do something they might have forgotten, as in the sentence “I will remind her to do her work on time.”

In summary, “remember” refers to an individual’s own ability to recall something, while “remind” involves another person or a prompt to help someone remember or to take action.

183

Break vs. Tear = romper
You can break a window, but you tear a shirt.

Break = romper = solid things

Have you ever broken a bone? What would you do if your neighbours’ kids broke a window of yours while playing football?
vs.
Tear = romper/rasgar = cloth/paper/muscles/ligaments = todo tejido
Have you ever torn a muscle? Why would someone tear up a letter?

The words “break” and “tear” are both verbs that can mean “romper” or “to damage something”, but they are used in different contexts depending on the material or object being damaged. Here are their meanings in different contexts:

“Break” typically refers to the act of separating or damaging something solid, hard or brittle, such as glass, bones, or electronic devices. For example, “Have you ever broken a bone?” or “What would you do if your neighbours’ kids broke a window of yours while playing football?”

“Tear” typically refers to the act of ripping or damaging something soft, thin, or flexible, such as paper, fabric, or muscles. For example, “Have you ever torn a muscle?” or “Why would someone tear up a letter?”

In summary, “break” is used to refer to the act of damaging a solid or hard object, while “tear” is used to refer to the act of damaging a soft or flexible material.

184

esperar

I have been standing here waiting for the bus for ten minutes. It’s expected to be here in a few minutes. I hope that it’s not late.

wait for = only time

What is the longest you have waited for a friend?

vs.

expect = expectative based on evidence

If you see dark clouds, what kind of weather would you expect to have?

vs. 

hope = Desire
What kind of weather are you hoping for for this weekend?

The Spanish verb “esperar” can have different translations in English depending on the context and meaning of the sentence. Here are the different translations and their meanings:

“Wait for” is used when referring to a period of time spent in anticipation for something to happen, often with the expectation that it will happen. For example, “I have been standing here waiting for the bus for ten minutes.”

“Expect” is used when referring to a belief or anticipation of something based on evidence or past experience. For example, “If you see dark clouds, what kind of weather would you expect to have?”

“Hope” is used when referring to a desire or wish for something to happen, without necessarily expecting it to happen. For example, “What kind of weather are you hoping for for this weekend?”

In summary, “wait for” refers to the act of spending time in anticipation for something to happen, “expect” refers to a belief or anticipation based on evidence or past experience, and “hope” refers to a desire or wish for something to happen.

185

Is the word equipment countable or uncountable? Equipo

It’s Uncountable and there is No s with it

What kind of sports equipment is necessary to play tennis?

vs.

team = equipo (people working together)

What are the qualities of a good team?

In English, the word “equipment” is typically considered as an uncountable noun, which means it is not generally used in the plural form, and no “s” is added to it.

In Spanish, the word “equipo” can be translated as both “equipment” and “team”, but the usage and treatment of these words differ depending on the context. Here are the different meanings:

“Equipment” in English refers to the various tools, machines, and instruments needed to carry out a task or activity. For example, “What kind of sports equipment is necessary to play tennis?”

“Team” in English refers to a group of people who work together to achieve a common goal or objective. For example, “What are the qualities of a good team?”

In Spanish, “equipo” can refer to both “equipment” and “team” depending on the context. However, when referring to the equipment, the word is generally used in the singular form and not preceded by an article or quantifier. When referring to a team of people, it is preceded by an article or quantifier and can be used in the singular or plural form depending on the number of people in the group.

In summary, while “equipment” is considered an uncountable noun in English, “equipo” in Spanish can refer to both “equipment” and “team” depending on the context, and it is treated differently when used in each sense.

186

tener sentido = make sense

It doesn’t have any sense. = incorrect

It doesn’t make any sense. = correct

What kinds of things don’t make sense to you about this world?

In Spanish, the phrase “tener sentido” can be translated as “make sense” in English.

When we say “It doesn’t make any sense” in English, we are expressing that something is difficult to understand or doesn’t seem logical. It is a common way to indicate that something is unclear or confusing. On the other hand, if we say “It doesn’t have any sense” in English, it may not be considered grammatically correct or natural.

For example, if someone explains a complex idea or a statement that seems contradictory or unclear, you might say “It doesn’t make any sense.”

187

Different ways to say CITA in English

Appointment = official

What was the last appointment you made?

vs. 

Date = romantic

What kinds of things do people talk about on their first date?

vs. 

Meeting = business

What kinds of things are discussed at business meetings?

vs.

Get together = family and friends

What do you guys do at a family get together?

In Spanish, the word “cita” can refer to different types of meetings or gatherings, including official appointments, romantic dates, business meetings, and social gatherings. However, in English, these types of meetings or gatherings are usually expressed using different words. Here are some examples:

“Appointment” refers to a scheduled meeting with a professional, such as a doctor, lawyer, or accountant. It is a more formal and official meeting. For example, “What was the last appointment you made?”

“Date” usually refers to a romantic meeting or outing between two people who are interested in each other. It is often used to describe a social event that is intended to be romantic in nature. For example, “What kinds of things do people talk about on their first date?”

“Meeting” generally refers to a formal gathering of people for a specific purpose, such as a business meeting or a meeting of a group or organization. For example, “What kinds of things are discussed at business meetings?”

“Get together” refers to a casual gathering of friends or family members. It is a more informal and relaxed type of meeting or gathering. For example, “What do you guys do at a family get together?”

In summary, while “cita” in Spanish can refer to different types of meetings or gatherings, in English, these types of meetings or gatherings are usually expressed using different words, depending on their purpose or nature.

188

We don’t say: She is the responsible of the department.
We say: She is in charge of the department.

Incorrect: if things go wrong, you are THE RESPONSIBLE .The responsible will be angry.

Responsible is an adjective not a noun = culpable

We don’t use THE with the word RESPONSIBLE

Be in charge of something = ser responsable/encargdo de algo = authority

Correct: if things go wrong, you are RESPONSIBLE. The person in charge will be angry.

Be in charge of = Ser responsable de/Estar encargado de
She is the responsible of the department doesn’t exit.

Be in charge of = power and control

If you were in charge of the tourism industry, what changes would you introduce?

vs.

Be responsible for = culpability or the opposite

In a team, why is everyone responsible for the results?

What kinds of responsibilities come with being in charge of a department? Hierarchy

Vs.

Who is responsible for the corruption in your system? Culpability

The phrase “be in charge of” implies having authority or control over a particular task, activity, or organization. In the context of the sentence “If you were in charge of the tourism industry, what changes would you introduce?”, the speaker is asking what kind of changes the person in control would make to improve the industry. The phrase “be in charge of” is used to convey the idea of having power and control.

On the other hand, the phrase “be responsible for” refers to being accountable for something, whether it be a task, project, or result. In the context of the sentence “In a team, why is everyone responsible for the results?”, the speaker is asking why each individual in the team is accountable for the outcome of the project. The phrase “be responsible for” is used to convey the idea of culpability or accountability for the results.

189

Borrow = Take temporarily = pedir prestado (recibir)
Take something from someone temporarily
Borrow something from someone
Have you ever borrowed money from a friend?

How much money can you borrow from your friends compared to your family?

vs. 

Lend = Give temporarily = prestar (dar)
Give something to someone temporarily
Lend something to someone

Have you ever lent money to a friend?

Why do some people think that it is a bad idea to lend money to friends?

The difference between “borrow” and “lend” is that “borrow” means to take something from someone temporarily, with the intention of returning it, while “lend” means to give something to someone temporarily, with the expectation that it will be returned.

When you borrow something, you receive it from someone else for a period of time, such as borrowing a book from a library or borrowing money from a friend. When you lend something, you give it to someone else for a period of time, such as lending a tool to a neighbor or lending money to a friend.

An example of using “borrow” in a sentence is “Have you ever borrowed money from a friend?” Here, the person is asking if someone has ever received money from a friend temporarily, with the expectation of returning it. Another example is “How much money can you borrow from your friends compared to your family?” Here, the question is asking about the maximum amount of money that someone can receive temporarily from their friends or family.

An example of using “lend” in a sentence is “Have you ever lent money to a friend?” Here, the person is asking if someone has ever given money to a friend temporarily, with the expectation of it being returned. Another example is “Why do some people think that it is a bad idea to lend money to friends?” Here, the question is asking about the reasons why some people believe that giving money to friends temporarily is not a good idea.

190

reirse vs. burlarse de

You laugh to myself = Only you know

Talk about a time you laughed to yourself.

vs. 

You laugh with them = Everyone is happy

Why should we only laugh with people and not at them?

vs. 

You laugh at them = Someone is suffering

You make fun of them = Someone is suffering

You take the Mickey out of them = Someone is suffering

Why is it a bad idea to laugh at people when they fail?

Why is it a bad idea to make fun of someone?

Why is it a bad idea to take the Mickey out of someone?

The words “reírse” and “burlarse” both refer to laughter, but they have different meanings and implications.

“Reírse” simply means to laugh, and it can be done in a positive or neutral context. For example, you may laugh to yourself because you heard a funny joke or saw a humorous meme. Alternatively, you may laugh with others during a social gathering or while watching a comedy show.

On the other hand, “burlarse de” has a negative connotation. It means to make fun of someone, to mock them, or to ridicule them. When you laugh at someone, you are showing contempt for them and belittling them. This can be hurtful and damaging to their self-esteem and relationships.

Laughing with someone is positive because it creates a sense of connection and joy. It can be a way to bond with others and build relationships. However, laughing at someone or mocking them is negative because it creates a sense of separation and hurt. It can damage relationships and cause emotional pain.

Therefore, it’s important to be mindful of how we use laughter and humor. We should strive to use it in positive ways that build others up, rather than tear them down. It’s important to be respectful of others and to avoid mocking or belittling them, even if it’s done in a seemingly harmless way.

191

Patinar

ice-skating in an ice-rink

Do you have an ice-rink for ice-skating in your city?

vs.

roller-skating

Have you ever done roller skating around the city?

vs. 

skating with a skateboard

Which is easier: roller skating or skateboarding?

The word “patinar” in Spanish can refer to different types of skating depending on the context.

When referring to ice-skating, it typically means skating on an ice-rink, as you mentioned. So, if someone asks “Do you have an ice-rink for ice-skating in your city?” they are asking if there is a place where you can go to do ice-skating on a rink made of ice.

When “patinar” refers to roller-skating, it means skating on wheels. If someone asks “Have you ever done roller skating around the city?”, they are asking if you have ever skated on wheels in a public place, such as a park or street.

Lastly, “patinar” can also refer to skating with a skateboard, which is typically referred to as “skateboarding” in English. If someone asks “Which is easier: roller skating or skateboarding?”, they are asking which of the two activities is easier to do.

It’s important to note that while “patinar” can refer to different types of skating, it’s important to clarify which type of skating is being referred to in order to avoid confusion.

192

llegar a una conclusion

Reach to the conclusion = incorrect

no preposition with the verb reach = Reach the conclusion = correct

Come to the conclusion

Get to the conclusion

Arrive at the conclusion

What kinds of things can help us reach a conclusion about a given situation?

What kinds of things can help us come to a conclusion about a given situation?

What kinds of things can help us get to a conclusion about a given situation?

What kinds of things can help us arrive at a conclusion about a given situation?

The phrase “reach to a conclusion” is incorrect. Instead, we use the prepositions “to” or “at” with the verbs “reach,” “come,” “get,” or “arrive” to indicate that we have reached a decision or understanding.

For example, we can say “I have reached the conclusion that…” or “I have arrived at a conclusion about…”

To reach a conclusion about a given situation, it can be helpful to gather information, analyze data, consider different perspectives, and weigh the pros and cons of different options. It can also be useful to consult with others, seek out expert opinions, and reflect on personal experiences or values.

Similarly, to come to a conclusion, get to a conclusion, or arrive at a conclusion, we may need to engage in critical thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making processes. This may involve brainstorming, researching, testing hypotheses, and evaluating evidence.

Ultimately, the process of reaching a conclusion requires careful consideration and analysis, as well as an open-minded and flexible approach to problem-solving. By taking the time to carefully assess the situation and consider all relevant factors, we can arrive at a well-informed and effective conclusion.

193

 instead of vs. instead

Instead of is a preposition and means ‘in place of’ or ‘as an alternative’.

Don’t confuse instead of with instead (without of), which is an adverb and is used at the beginning or the end of a clause (In spoken English, at the end).

Why do some people have coffee instead of tea?

Why did Leonardo di Caprio’s character choose to die instead of Kate Winslet’s character at the end of Titanic?

Why do some people prefer to start their own businesses instead of working for someone?

vs.

If coffee wasn’t available, what would you have instead?

If you were too tired to go out with your friends, what would you do instead?

If your favourite restaurant was closed, where would you go to eat instead?

A lot of + noun vs. A lot (adverb: at the end of a sentence)

Pay attention to the position of the words and how they combine with other words.

Do you have a lot of free time at the weekends?

Would you like to have a lot of free time or a lot of money?

Do you have any friend who has a lot of books in his/her house?

vs.

What are the benefits of working out a lot?

Do you know someone who works a lot?

When was the last time you laughed a lot?

“Instead of” is a preposition that shows a substitution or an alternative. For example, “I’m having soup instead of a sandwich for lunch today.”

On the other hand, “instead” is an adverb that means “as an alternative” or “in place of,” and can be used at the beginning or end of a clause. For example, “I don’t want a sandwich, I’ll have soup instead.”

Regarding “a lot,” it can be used as both an adverb and a noun. As an adverb, it is usually placed at the end of a sentence or clause, as in “I like to travel a lot.” As a noun, it is followed by “of” and a noun or pronoun, as in “There are a lot of people here.”

It’s important to pay attention to the position of words in a sentence and how they combine with other words, as this affects the meaning of the sentence.

194

capital punishment/death sentence = pena de muerte

Are you in favour of capital punishment/death sentence?

vs. 

life sentence = cadena perpetua

How would you stay sane through a life sentence?

vs.

corporal punishment = hitting someone as punishment

Why did they use to use corporal punishment at schools and why did they stop?

Capital punishment or death sentence refers to the punishment of death given by the state to a person who has committed a serious crime. It is a form of punishment that is still used in some countries and is a controversial topic. A life sentence, on the other hand, is a sentence of imprisonment for the rest of the offender’s life. It is an alternative to the death sentence and is used in many countries as a punishment for serious crimes.

When we talk about capital punishment or death sentence, we are asking someone’s opinion about whether they support or oppose the idea of the state being allowed to take the life of a criminal who has committed a heinous crime. On the other hand, when we talk about life sentences, we are asking how someone would cope with spending the rest of their life in prison.

Corporal punishment refers to the physical punishment of a person as a form of discipline or as a penalty for a crime. It can take different forms such as hitting, spanking, or caning. Corporal punishment was used in schools as a form of discipline in the past, but it has been largely phased out in many countries due to its negative effects on children’s mental and physical health. Nowadays, most schools rely on non-physical forms of discipline such as detention, suspension, or counseling to address disciplinary issues.

195

Breathe in = Take a deep breath = inhale = Breathe out = let your breath out = exhale

Do you ever sit there just breathing in and breathing out to relax?

vs. 

Hold your breath = aguanta

How long can you hold your breath for?

“Breathe in” and “breathe out” are synonymous with “inhale” and “exhale” respectively, and describe the process of taking air into your lungs and then releasing it. “Take a deep breath” can also be used to indicate the same process, but specifically refers to taking in a larger volume of air than usual, often used as a relaxation technique.

On the other hand, “hold your breath” means to stop breathing for a period of time, during which the air is retained in the lungs. This can be done for various reasons, such as to prepare for an underwater dive, or to avoid inhaling harmful substances. The duration for which someone can hold their breath varies from person to person and can be influenced by factors such as age, health, and physical fitness.

196

Pretend = fingir

Can you tell/notice if someone is only pretending to be happy?

vs.

Try – want – intend = pretender

What do you think of people who try to make everyone happy?

What do you intend to do about your biggest challenge?

The words “pretend” and “pretender” may seem similar, but they have different meanings.

“Pretend” means to act as if something is true or to feign a particular emotion or feeling. For example, if someone is pretending to be happy, they are acting as if they are happy, but they may not actually feel that way.

“Try,” “want,” and “intend” all have slightly different meanings, but they are often used to express an intention or desire to do something. “Try” means to make an effort or attempt to do something, “want” means to have a desire or wish for something, and “intend” means to have a plan or purpose to do something.

197

tasa = rate

interest rate = tasa de interes

Which bank gives the best interest rates?

birth rate = tasa de nacimiento

Why is the birth rate so low in your country?

The term “tasa” in Spanish can be translated to “rate” in English. The context in which the term is used determines the specific meaning of the translation. For example, “interest rate” would be translated as “tasa de interés,” and “birth rate” would be translated as “tasa de nacimiento.”

When discussing interest rates, one might inquire about which bank provides the best interest rates. This would refer to the percentage at which a bank pays interest to account holders.

In the case of birth rate, the focus would be on the number of births per 1000 people in a given population. If the birth rate is low, as in the example question, it may suggest issues such as an aging population, declining fertility rates, or changing societal values regarding family size.

198

learn, know, teach + how to + verb

I can teach you how to do this. Then, you will know how to do this because you will learn how to do this properly with me.

sabes nadar = sabes como nadar

Do you know how to swim? Do you know how to drive? Who taught you how to drive?

“Learn” refers to the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught. “Know” refers to having knowledge or understanding of something through experience, education, or acquaintance. “Teach” means to impart knowledge or skill to someone through instruction or example.

When these verbs are used with “how to + verb”, it means that someone is teaching or learning a specific skill or knowledge. For example, “I can teach you how to play the guitar” means that the speaker is able to provide instruction on how to play the guitar, and the listener can acquire that knowledge by learning from the speaker. Once the listener has learned how to play the guitar, they will then know how to do it.

In the example you provided, “sabes nadar” means “you know how to swim”. The verb “saber” in this case means to have knowledge or understanding of how to swim. “Saber como nadar” would also be correct, and it means the same thing as “sabes nadar”.

199

be updated = estar actualizado

How often is your computer updated?

vs.

be up to date = estar al dia (conocimiento o ritmo)

Are you up to date with what is happening around the world?

“Be updated” and “be up to date” are very similar in meaning and can be used interchangeably in many contexts. However, “be up to date” often refers to being current or in sync with the latest information or trends, while “be updated” simply means being brought up to the latest version or status.

For example, “How often is your computer updated?” asks how frequently the software or hardware on your computer is brought up to the latest version, while “Are you up to date with what is happening around the world?” asks if you are aware of the latest news and events happening globally.

200

stay = permanecer/quedar o estar en un sitio – larga duracion

When was the last time you stayed home while everyone else went out?

When was the last time you stayed at a friend’s house?

vs.

be = estar

What did you do the last time you were in another city?

What did you do the last time you were with your friends?

vs.

spend time = quedar para pasar tiempo

How often do you spend time with your friends?

The difference between the English verb “stay” and its Spanish translations “permanecer/quedar o estar en un sitio” is an important one to understand, as it can impact communication between English and Spanish speakers. In general, “stay” is used to indicate remaining in a specific location for an extended period of time. In contrast, the Spanish translations can also include the idea of “remaining” but may also emphasize the idea of “being” in a certain place.

For example, when asking someone when the last time they “stayed home” while everyone else went out, the focus is on the idea of remaining in one location for an extended period of time. In Spanish, the equivalent question might use “quedar en casa” or “permanecer en casa,” emphasizing the idea of being in a certain place for a period of time.

Similarly, when asking about staying at a friend’s house, the focus is on the idea of remaining in a specific location for an extended period of time. In Spanish, this might be translated as “quedarse en casa de un amigo” or “permanecer en casa de un amigo,” emphasizing the idea of being at a certain place for a period of time.

On the other hand, the English verb “be” and its Spanish translation “estar” focus more on the idea of “being” in a certain location, without necessarily emphasizing the length of time spent in that location. For example, when asking about what someone did the last time they “were in another city,” the emphasis is on being in a particular location, without necessarily indicating how long they stayed there. Similarly, when asking about what someone did the last time they “were with friends,” the emphasis is on being in the company of others, without necessarily indicating how long they spent together.

Finally, the idea of “spending time” with someone in Spanish is often expressed as “quedar para pasar tiempo,” which emphasizes the idea of making plans to be together and to spend time in each other’s company. This is different from the idea of “staying” or “being” in a particular place, as it implies an intentional decision to spend time with others.

In summary, while the English verb “stay” and its Spanish translations “permanecer/quedar o estar en un sitio” share some similarities, there are important differences in how they are used and what they emphasize. Similarly, the English verb “be” and its Spanish translation “estar” also have important differences from “stay” in terms of their focus on being in a certain location. Understanding these differences can help facilitate effective communication between English and Spanish speakers.