101

Incorrect: they don’t tell the TRUE

Correct: they don’t tell the TRUTH

true is an adjective which means verdadero

truth is a noun which means verdad

The true is that … = incorrect
The truth is that… = correct

true = adjective = verdadero
truth = noun = la verdad

Is it true that you always realise it when someone is not telling the truth?

The words “true” and “truth” are related but have different uses and translations in Spanish:

“True” is an adjective used to describe something that is accurate, correct, or in accordance with facts or reality. In Spanish, “true” can be translated as “verdadero” or “cierto”. For example, “It is true that he is a good musician” can be translated as “Es verdadero que es un buen músico” or “Es cierto que es un buen músico”.

“Truth” is a noun that refers to the state or quality of being true or the fact or reality of something. In Spanish, “truth” can be translated as “verdad”. For example, “The truth is that he didn’t steal anything” can be translated as “La verdad es que no robó nada”

102

politics = profession – subject

Why do so many people avoid talking about politics with others?

vs.

politician = person

Who is your most respected politician ever? Why?

vs. 

political party = partido politico

Can you describe a couple of political parties that run for elections in your country?

vs.

match = partido de deporte

What would you say about a person who never misses a match in the league?

The difference between the terms “politics”, “politician”, “political party”, and “match” is as follows:

“Politics” refers to both a profession and a subject that deals with the government and its affairs. It can refer to the activities associated with running a government or the principles and policies involved in governing a country or community.

“Politician” refers to a person who is involved in politics as a profession or who holds an elected or appointed position in government. They are responsible for making and implementing policies that impact society as a whole.

“Political party” refers to a group of individuals who share common beliefs and ideologies regarding the government and its policies. They work together to get their candidates elected to public office and to promote their political agenda.

“Match” refers to a sporting event where two teams or individuals compete against each other.

103

enamorarse

How easy is it for teens to get struck by cupid compared to adults??

How easy is it for teens to get the love bug compared to adults??

How easy is it for teens to get infatuated with someone compared to adults??

How easy is it for teens to have a crush on someone compared to adults?

All of the phrases listed are valid ways to express the idea of “enamorarse” in English, and they have slightly different connotations:

“Get struck by Cupid” implies a sudden and powerful experience of falling in love, as if it were an outside force acting upon the person.

“Get the love bug” is a more casual and lighthearted way of expressing the same idea, and is often used to describe temporary infatuations or crushes.

“Get infatuated with someone” suggests a strong attraction or obsession with someone, but may not necessarily imply the deeper emotional connection of true love.

“Have a crush on someone” is a more common phrase used to describe a temporary infatuation or attraction to someone, often without any real expectation of a relationship.

In general, these phrases all suggest some level of romantic attraction or infatuation, but may convey slightly different levels of intensity or duration. As for the question, it’s difficult to say whether teens are more prone to falling in love than adults, as both groups can experience strong emotions of attraction and connection. However, teenagers may be more likely to experience intense and fleeting crushes, while adults may be more focused on finding lasting relationships.

104

strange = raro

Who is the strangest person you have ever met?

Are all foreign cultures strange?

vs.

stranger = desconocido

What should you do when you find yourself in a new place with lots of strangers around you?

Why should children never speak to strangers?

vs.

foreigner = extranjero  

Have you ever been a foreigner in a place? What would life be like living as a foreigner in a foreign land?

How can you attract more foreign companies to come to your area?

How are foreigners treated by the people in your area mostly?

What is the best strategy a company can use to compete with its competitors?

“Strange” and “raro” refer to something that is unusual or not normal. For example, you might describe someone’s behavior or appearance as “strange” or “raro” if it is different from what you expect or are used to.

 “Stranger” and “desconocido” both refer to someone you don’t know. A stranger could be someone you encounter in a new place, someone who approaches you on the street, or someone you meet for the first time at a party.

“Foreigner” and “extranjero” refer to someone from another country. As an adjective, “foreign” means “from another country” or “not native”. You might use these terms to describe someone’s nationality or to talk about different cultures.

105

The social class system

The untouchables

Working class

Lower middle class

Middle class

Upper middle class

Upper class

Elite/The ruling elite/The ruling class

How is the lifestyle of these classes different from each other?

The social class system refers to the categorization of individuals in society based on their economic status, occupation, and education, among other factors. Here are the translations of the different social classes mentioned:

The untouchables: Los intocables (this refers to a specific social class in India that is traditionally considered outside of the caste system and often relegated to menial jobs)

Working class: Clase trabajadora

Lower middle class: Clase media baja

Middle class: Clase media

Upper middle class: Clase media alta

Upper class: Clase alta

Elite/The ruling elite/The ruling class: Élite/La élite gobernante/La clase dominante

106

cloth = cloths – cleaning cloths = three (pronunciation of the TH)

What is the material of your cleaning cloth?

vs. 

clothes = an item of clothing – two items of clothing = the (pronunciation of the TH)

What’s your favourite item of clothing?

Where do you buy your clothes from?

factories = fabricas

Do you know anyone who works in a factory?

vs. 

fabric = tela

Are there any factories (fabricas) that make fabric (tela) in your area?

“Cloth” refers to a material made of fibers, such as cotton or silk, that can be used for making clothing, linens, or other items. “Cloths” refers to multiple pieces of cloth, and “cleaning cloths” specifically refers to pieces of cloth used for cleaning.

On the other hand, “clothes” refers to items of clothing that people wear, such as shirts, pants, dresses, and jackets. “Factories” refer to places where goods are produced, while “fabric” refers to the material that is used to make clothing, linens, or other items.

107

censura (n)

vs. 

censurar (v)

What are your views on censorship where the authorities try to censor the content on TV?

The difference between “censura” (n) and “censurar” (v) is that “censura” refers to the act of censoring or the state of being censored, while “censurar” refers to the act of censoring something or someone.

For example, “censura” would be used in a sentence like “La censura del gobierno en los medios de comunicación es preocupante” which means “The government’s censorship of the media is concerning”. Here, “censura” is a noun referring to the act of censorship.

On the other hand, “censurar” would be used in a sentence like “La película fue censurada por su contenido violento” which means “The movie was censored for its violent content”. Here, “censurar” is a verb meaning “to censor”.

108

reader = lector

What kinds of books do you like as a reader?

vs.

reading = lectura

How important is reading to you?

vs.

lecture = a university lesson or a long life lesson

Why aren’t university lectures more interactive?

When was the last time your parents gave you a lecture about soemthing?

vs.

lecturer = catedratico

Do you know anyone who is a lecturer at a university?

“Reader” and “lector” refer to a person who reads books.

The difference between “reading” and “lecture” is that “reading” refers to the activity of looking at and understanding the meaning of written or printed words, while “lecture” refers to a speech or talk given to a group of people to teach them about a particular subject.

The difference between “lecture” and “lecturer” is that “lecture” refers to a university lesson or a long life lesson, while “lecturer” refers to a person who teaches at a university or other educational institution.

109

an employee’s market = the market conditions favour the workers

vs.

an employer’s market = the market conditions favour business owners/companies 

What are the signs of the shift from an employee’s market to an employer’s market?

An employee’s market is a market condition in which the demand for workers is higher than the supply, giving employees the upper hand in negotiations for better pay, benefits, and working conditions. In other words, it’s a market condition where employers have to compete with each other to attract and retain employees.

On the other hand, an employer’s market is a market condition in which the supply of workers is higher than the demand, giving employers the upper hand in negotiations. This means that job seekers have limited options and may have to settle for lower wages or fewer benefits.

110

alter = arreglo de ropa – cambiar

Do you ever have your clothes altered by a tailor or seamstress?

vs.

repair-fix = arreglar

Who do you have repair/fix your car when there are issues with it?

The difference between “alter” and “repair/fix” is that one meaning of  “alter” refers to making changes to clothing, typically through tailoring or seamstress work, while “repair/fix” is a more general term that can apply to any object that needs to be fixed or restored to working condition.

For example, if a piece of clothing is too big or too long, it may need to be altered by a tailor to fit properly. On the other hand, if a car has a flat tire or a malfunctioning engine, it may need to be repaired or fixed by a mechanic.

So, when asking about alterations, the focus here is on clothing, while when asking about repairs or fixes, the focus is on any object that needs to be restored to working condition.

111

CV – resume (re siu mei) = curriculum vitae

Why do companies ask candidates to send their CV’s/resumes?

vs.

resume (re sium) = retomar algo despues de una pausa

How easy or hard is it to resume a conversation after a long interruption?

vs.

summary = resumen

Tell me the summary of the last book you read.

vs.

curriculum = plan de estudios + metodólogia + las necesidades de la sociedad/mercado laboral

Is the current curriculum really adapted to the job market?

vs.

syllabus = plan de estudios  (solo la materia)

What kinds of things are included in the syllabus during the baccalaureate?

CV (curriculum vitae) and resume are both documents used in job applications, but there are some differences between them. A CV is a more comprehensive and detailed document that lists an individual’s education, work experience, skills, publications, and other relevant information. It is typically used in academic and research fields, and in some countries, such as Europe, it is the preferred format for job applications.

On the other hand, a resume is a shorter and more concise document that summarizes an individual’s work experience, education, and skills in a way that is relevant to the job being applied for. It is more commonly used in the United States and other countries, and it is typically one or two pages long.

Resume (re sium) is also a verb that means to begin again after a pause or interruption. For example, you might resume a conversation that was interrupted by a phone call.

Summary, on the other hand, refers to a brief statement that gives the main points or highlights of a longer text or document. It is often used in academic and business settings to provide a quick overview of a report, presentation, or other written material.

Curriculum refers to the overall plan or program of education, including the courses, teaching methods, and materials used. It is designed to meet the needs of students and the demands of the job market or society.

Syllabus is a term used to refer to the specific course of study for a particular subject or class. It outlines the topics to be covered, the assignments and exams, and other important details for the course.

112

subject = asignatura

What was your favourite subject at school?

vs.

signature = firma

How easy or hard is it to copy your signature?

vs.

sign = firmar

When was the last time you had to sign an official document?

vs.

sign = señal 

What are the benefits of understanding the signs that your partner/parents give you in a social situation?

firm = empresa – firme

Do you know anyone who works for a law firm?

Why should our attitude be firm towards bullies?

The difference between these words lies in their meanings and contexts of usage.

Subject refers to a particular area of study or a topic that is taught in school or college. It is commonly used when talking about academic courses or lessons. Example: “What was your favorite subject at school?”

Signature refers to a person’s unique and identifying mark, usually written in cursive, that is used to sign documents or legal papers. Example: “How easy or hard is it to copy your signature?”

Sign, as a verb, means to write one’s signature or to indicate something through gestures or signals. Example: “When was the last time you had to sign an official document?” As a noun, sign refers to a symbol or indication, such as a road sign or a sign of a particular medical condition. Example: “What are the benefits of understanding the signs that your partner/parents give you in a social situation?”

Firm can have different meanings depending on its context. As a noun, it can refer to a business organization or a law firm. Example: “Do you know anyone who works for a law firm?” As an adjective, it can mean solid, steady, or unwavering. Example: “Why should our attitude be firm towards bullies?” Finally, as a verb, it can mean to make something solid or to establish something firmly. Example: “She firmly believes in her principles.”

In conclusion, these words have different meanings and are used in various contexts, and their usage should be based on the context in which they are being used.

113

ing vs. ed adjectives

ing = ser aburrido = ing

vs. 

ed = estar aburrido = ed

What kinds of boring things make you feel bored?

What kinds of interesting things are you interested in?

What kinds of exciting things make you feel excited?

What kinds of tiring activities make you feel tired?

The difference between “-ing” and “-ed” adjectives lies in the way they describe the quality of the noun they modify.

“-ing” adjectives describe a characteristic or quality of the subject or object, as if it possesses the quality. For example, “boring” in “I find watching paint dry boring” describes the paint as possessing the quality of being boring. It is also commonly used to describe a person’s feelings or emotions. In the sentence “What kinds of boring things make you feel bored?”, “boring” describes the things as possessing the quality of being boring.

“-ed” adjectives, on the other hand, describe the subject’s state or feeling, as if the quality is being done to the subject. For example, “bored” in “I am bored of watching paint dry” describes the speaker’s state or feeling of being bored. It is also commonly used to describe a person’s physical or emotional state. In the sentence “What kinds of tiring activities make you feel tired?”, “tiring” describes the activities as causing the feeling of tiredness in the subject.

So, to summarize:

“-ing” adjectives describe a quality or characteristic of the subject or object.

“-ed” adjectives describe the subject’s state or feeling resulting from the quality of the noun.

114

commercial = anuncio o relacionado con comercio

Do you enjoy watching commercials on TV?

Describe the difficulties that you would have in a commercial area compared to a residential one. 

vs. 

sales person or related to sales = comercial

What are the responsibilities of the sales department in a company?

What makes a good salesperson?

The difference between “commercial” and “comercial” lies in their meanings and usage.

“Commercial” can have two meanings. It can refer to something related to commerce or business, such as a commercial area or commercial activity. It can also refer to an advertisement or promotional message intended to sell a product or service. Example: “Do you enjoy watching commercials on TV?” or “The commercial district is bustling with activity during the day.”

“Comercial” is a Spanish word that translates to “salesperson” or something related to sales, such as commercial sales or a commercial department. Example: “What are the responsibilities of the sales department in a company?” or “What makes a good salesperson?”

Therefore, in the first set of examples, “commercial” is used to refer to an advertisement or a place of business, while in the second set of examples, “comercial” is used to refer to someone who works in sales or related to sales.

In summary:

“Commercial” refers to something related to commerce or business, or an advertisement/promotional message intended to sell a product or service.

“Comercial” is a Spanish word that refers to a salesperson or something related to sales.

115

four thirty pm

half past four in the afternoon

half past four pm = incorrect

What were you doing at 4:30 pm yesterday compared to 4:30 am yesterday?

What were you doing at half past four in the afternoon compared to half past four in the morning yesterday?

“Four thirty pm” and “half past four in the afternoon” both refer to the same time, which is 4:30 in the afternoon. Both phrases are correct and can be used interchangeably to refer to this time. However, “half past four pm” is not correct. It would be more correct to say “half past four” or “four thirty pm.”

116

lesson = normal classes

vs.

lecture = a university class

What are the differences between lessons at school and lectures at university?

“Lesson” and “lecture” are both related to education, but they have different meanings and usages.

“Lesson” generally refers to a regular class or session of instruction in a school or educational setting. It can be used to describe a class at any level, from primary school to university. Example: “I have a lesson in math every Monday afternoon.”

“Lecture” specifically refers to a formal presentation or speech given by a teacher or expert on a particular subject, usually in a university or college setting. A lecture is often part of a course and is intended to provide in-depth information on a specific topic. Example: “I attended a lecture on quantum physics at the university yesterday.”

In summary: “Lesson” refers to a regular class or session of instruction in a school or educational setting. “Lecture” specifically refers to a formal presentation or speech given by a teacher or expert on a particular subject, usually in a university or college setting.

117

number of something = countable

What is the longest number of hours you have worked in a week? countable

vs.

amount of something = uncountable

What is the most amount of work you have done in a week? uncountable

“Number” is typically used to refer to things that are countable, while “amount” is used to refer to things that are uncountable.

“Number” refers to things that can be counted as discrete units, such as hours, apples, or books. When using “number” with a countable noun, it is appropriate to use phrases such as “the highest number of” or “the longest number of” to describe a quantity. Example: “The highest number of books I’ve ever read in a week is 10.”

“Amount” refers to things that cannot be counted as discrete units, such as work, water, or sand. When using “amount” with an uncountable noun, it is appropriate to use phrases such as “the most amount of” or “the greatest amount of” to describe a quantity. Example: “The most amount of work I’ve ever done in a week is 50 hours.”

In summary: “Number” is used to refer to countable things. “Amount” is used to refer to uncountable things.

118

Grow =  Size vs. Grow up = size and maturity

Which one only refers to size only?

Which one refers to size and maturity?

What kinds of things help your muscles to grow?

Are you able to grow as a professional in your current job?

vs.

How can you help an immature kid grow up according to his/her age?

Grow up = crecer

Do all kids grow up as they are growing?

Where did you grow up?

vs.

Bring up = criar

Where were you brought up?

“Grow” and “grow up” have different meanings and uses:

“Grow” refers to the increase in size or quantity of something. Example: “The plant grew taller after I watered it.”

“Grow up” can refer to both the increase in size and the development of maturity or adulthood. Example: “When I grow up, I want to be a doctor.” In this sentence, “grow up” refers to both the physical growth and the development of maturity.

“Grow up” can also be used to mean “to be raised” or “to be brought up.” In this sense, it is similar in meaning to “bring up.” For example, “I grew up in a small town” means that you were raised or brought up in a small town. Similarly, “My parents brought me up to be independent” means that your parents raised you to be independent.

In summary: “Grow” refers to the increase in size or quantity of something. “Grow up” can refer to both the increase in size or quantity of something and the development of maturity or adulthood. It can also mean “to be raised” or “to be brought up.” “Bring up” means “to raise” or “to rear” someone, especially a child, to maturity.

119

support = apoyar/sujetar 

Would your family support all your decisions?

vs. 

put up with/cope with = soportar/aguantar

What kind of behaviour can’t you put up with/cope with?

I can’t stand it

I can’t put up with it

I can’t bear it

I can’t deal with it

I can’t cope with it

“Support” and “put up with/cope with” are different in meaning and usage:

“Support” means to help, encourage, or back someone or something up. It can also mean to hold up or keep something in place physically. Example: “My family supports my decision to go back to school.” In this sentence, “support” means to help or encourage.

“Put up with/cope with” means to tolerate or endure a difficult situation or behavior. It implies that the situation or behavior is unpleasant, but you are dealing with it. Example: “I can’t put up with your constant interruptions while I’m trying to work.” In this sentence, “put up with” means to tolerate or endure.

“I can’t stand it,” “I can’t put up with it,” “I can’t bear it,” “I can’t deal with it,” and “I can’t cope with it” all express a similar sentiment of being unable to tolerate or endure something. These phrases are often used interchangeably in informal conversation to convey frustration or exasperation.

In summary: “Support” means to help, encourage, or back up someone or something, or to hold up or keep something in place physically. “Put up with/cope with” means to tolerate or endure a difficult situation or behavior. “I can’t stand it,” “I can’t put up with it,” “I can’t bear it,” “I can’t deal with it,” and “I can’t cope with it” all express a similar sentiment of being unable to tolerate or endure something.

120

make out = Entender

vs. 

make out = Fingir

Can you make out when someone is making out that they are happy when they are actually not?

“Make out” has two different meanings, which can cause confusion:

“Make out” can mean “to understand or comprehend something,” as in “I can’t quite make out what you’re saying.” In this sense, it is used to describe the act of perceiving or interpreting something correctly.

“Make out” can also mean “to pretend or feign,” as in “He made out like he didn’t know anything about it.” In this sense, it is used to describe the act of pretending or acting in a certain way.

The context and usage of the phrase will make clear which meaning is intended. For example, if someone says “I can’t make out what you’re saying,” it means they are having trouble hearing or understanding what the other person is saying. On the other hand, if someone says “She made out like she didn’t know what was going on,” it means she pretended not to know.

In summary: “Make out” can mean “to understand or comprehend something.” “Make out” can also mean “to pretend or feign.” The context and usage of the phrase will make clear which meaning is intended.

121

Made by = Agent

Who was your favourite movie made by?

vs. 

Made of = The material doesn’t change its form

What is your dining table made of?

vs. 

Made from = The material changes form

What is cider made from?

vs. 

Made with = Tool

Who was Mona Lisa made by and what was it made with?

vs. 

Made in = Place

Why are products that are made in Japan considered more reliable that the one’s made in China?

The words “made by,” “made of,” “made from,” “made with,” and “made in” have different meanings and uses:

“Made by” refers to the agent or creator of something. For example, “Who was your favorite movie made by?” means who was the director or producer of the movie.

“Made of” refers to the material or substance that something is composed of, without changing its original form. For example, “What is your dining table made of?” refers to the material from which the table is constructed.

“Made from” refers to the material or substance that something is made by changing the original form of the material. For example, “What is cider made from?” refers to the raw material, like apples, that is processed to make the cider.

“Made with” refers to the tool, instrument, or means that is used to create or make something. For example, “Who was Mona Lisa made by and what was it made with?” refers to the painter and the tools used to create the painting.

“Made in” refers to the place or location where something is produced or manufactured. For example, “Why are products that are made in Japan considered more reliable than the ones made in China?” refers to the country where the product is manufactured.

In summary: “Made by” refers to the agent or creator of something. “Made of” refers to the material or substance that something is composed of, without changing its original form. “Made from” refers to the material or substance that something is made by changing the original form of the material. “Made with” refers to the tool, instrument, or means that is used to create or make something. “Made in” refers to the place or location where something is produced or manufactured.

122

Many vs. Much = A lot of

Many + countable nouns

vs.

Much + uncountable nouns

I suggest that you stop using the words many and much with nouns you are not sure about and use A LOT OF instead.

If you follow this tip, how would that affect your speaking?

Do you know anyone who has a lot of cars? Countable

Do you know anyone who drinks a lot of coffee? Uncountable

Do you know anyone who has visited a lot of countries? Countable

Do you know anyone who has eats a lot of rice? Uncountable

The correct usage of “many” and “much” has to be precise with countable and uncountable nouns, respectively. However, if someone is not sure about the countability of a noun, they should use “a lot of” instead to avoid making mistakes.

123

control = authority and power over something/someone

Who controls society?

How much can you control your thought and behaviour now compared to when you were younger?

vs.

stop and check = control de policia

When was the last time you saw the police stopping and checking cars?

be an expert in/do something well = controlar un tema

What are you an expert in?

How well do you speak English?

master something/be an expert in something = Dominar algo

How long does it take to master a language?

The concept of “control” is used similarly in both Spanish and English when it refers to authority and power over something or someone. However, there are some nuances in how the term is used in different contexts.

In Spanish, “control” can also refer to the act of monitoring, supervising, or regulating something, especially in the context of police or security control. So, the phrase “control de policía” is more commonly used in Spanish to refer to a police checkpoint or a stop-and-check operation.

In English, the term “control” is less commonly used to refer to police checkpoints or stop-and-check operations, and “stop and check” or “roadblock” are more commonly used.

Similarly, while the term “controlar” in Spanish can also mean “to be an expert in” or “to do something well,” it is not as commonly used in this sense as it is in English. In English, the phrase “to be in control of” is more commonly used to mean being an expert in or mastering something.

Overall, while the concept of “control” is used similarly in Spanish and English, there are some differences in how the term is used in different contexts and in different expressions.

124

Personal You (tu – only you can answer this question.)

What did you do at the weekend?

What do you like to have for breakfast?

vs.

Impersonal You (vos – refers to everyone – Se)

What should you do in case of a fire?

What can you have for breakfast at McDonald’s?

The main difference between personal you and impersonal you is that personal you refers to the person being addressed, while impersonal you refers to an indefinite or general group of people.

Personal you is used when the speaker is addressing a specific person or group of people, and the answer can only be provided by that person or group. For example, “What did you do at the weekend?” and “What do you like to have for breakfast?” are both personal you questions because they require an answer from the person being addressed.

On the other hand, impersonal you is used to refer to an indefinite or general group of people, and the answer is not specific to any individual. For example, “What should you do in case of a fire?” is an impersonal you question because it is directed to a general group of people, and the answer applies to anyone who finds themselves in that situation. Similarly, “What can you have for breakfast at McDonald’s?” is an impersonal you question because it is directed to anyone who might be interested in what breakfast options are available at McDonald’s.

125

Until = hasta = tiempo
I will stay there until next Sunday.
Until what time were you allowed to stay up as a teenager?

vs.
Upto = hasta = otros conceptos como la distancia
I can run upto 2 kilometres only.

Up to how many sit ups can you do in one go?

Both “until” and “up to” can be translated as “hasta” in Spanish, but they are used in different contexts and with different meanings.

“Until” is used to express a time or a point in time up to which something will happen or last. For example, “I will stay there until next Sunday” means that the person will stay at that place until Sunday of the next week.

“On the other hand, “up to” is used to indicate the maximum limit of something, often in terms of distance, quantity, or degree. For example, “I can run up to 2 kilometres only” means that the person can run a maximum of 2 kilometres. Another example, “Up to how many sit-ups can you do in one go?” means what is the maximum number of sit-ups that a person can do in one attempt.

So, while both words can be translated as “hasta” in Spanish, “until” is used to refer to time or a point in time, while “up to” is used to refer to a limit or a maximum value.

126

Line = linea – cola
Can you draw a straight line without using a ruler?

vs.
Lane = carril

How important is it to stay in your lane when you are driving?

vs.

Queue = cola

Where can we find really long queues?

“Line” can refer to a straight or curved mark made on a surface with a pen, pencil, or other writing instrument. It can also refer to a group of people or objects arranged in a row or sequence. In the context of “cola”, “line” can refer to the act of standing in a queue or waiting in a line.

“Lane” refers to a narrow road or passage, typically used for vehicles. It can also refer to a designated area for a specific purpose, such as a swimming lane or bowling lane.

“Queue” refers to a line of people or things waiting for something. It can also refer to a data structure in computer science where elements are stored in a sequence, and the first element to be added is the first to be removed (FIFO – first in, first out).

In summary, “line” can refer to a straight or curved mark, a row or sequence of people or objects, or the act of waiting in a queue. “Lane” refers to a narrow road or designated area. “Queue” refers specifically to a line of people or things waiting for something.

127

unless = a menos que
If a person didn’t want to say hello to you unless you said it first, would you take the first step and say hello to them?

vs. 

at least = por lo menos

If your workers finished the work late, would you be completely annoyed or would a part of you think that at least the work is finished?

vs. 

at last = al fin algo ha pasado

When was the last time you waited for something for a while and then at last it happened?

“Unless” is a conjunction that introduces a condition that must be met for something else to happen. It means “except if” or “if not.” For example, “I won’t go to the party unless you go with me.” In the given example, if the person doesn’t say hello first, you won’t say hello to them.

“At least” is an expression used to indicate the minimum level of something. It means “not less than” or “at a minimum.” For example, “He made at least $50,000 a year.” In the given example, even if the workers finished the work late, you might be somewhat satisfied that at least the work is finished.

“At last” is an expression used to express relief or excitement when something finally happens after waiting for a long time. It means “finally” or “after a long time.” For example, “At last, the exam is over!” In the given example, you waited for something for a while, and finally, it happened.

128

They want that we collaborate = incorrect

They want us to collaborate = correct
S + want + indirect object + to inf
I want you to study this.
You want her to explain this.
She wants him to work harder.

What do you want me to explain about the English language?
What do you want your best friend to give you for your birthday?
What did your parents want you to be when you eventually grew up?

The structure “S + want + indirect object + to inf” is used to express someone’s desire for another person to do something. In this structure, the indirect object refers to the person who is desired to perform the action, and the “to inf” refers to the action that is desired.

In the example “They want that we collaborate”, the structure is incorrect because the preposition “that” is used instead of “to inf”. The correct structure would be “They want us to collaborate”, where “us” is the indirect object and “to collaborate” is the action desired.

Other examples of this structure include:

“I want you to study this” (I desire that you study this)

“You want her to explain this” (You desire that she explains this)

“She wants him to work harder” (She desires that he works harder)

129

Education = academic only
Are educated people always polite?

vs.
Upbringing = educacion de casa/crianza (values/manners)
How would you describe you upbringing?

vs.
polite = educado en cortesia

What are the advantages of always being polite?

vs.

Education + upbringing = Formation

Whose responsibility is it to give children a good formation?

vs. 

manners = los modales

How can you teach your kids good manners?

vs.

table manner = compartamiento a la hora de comer 

Who taught you table manners when you were little

Grow up = crecer/madurar

Where did you grow up?

vs.

Bring up = criar

Which city is the best to bring up your kids?

The main differences between these concepts are:

Education refers to the formal learning and academic instruction that a person receives, while upbringing refers to the values, beliefs, and manners that are instilled in a person through their family and social environment.

Being educated does not necessarily make a person polite, as politeness is more related to upbringing and manners.

Politeness is a specific aspect of upbringing, which involves teaching children good manners and values related to social interaction.

The combination of education and upbringing is commonly referred to as formation, which encompasses both academic knowledge and personal development.

The responsibility for giving children a good formation lies with their parents or caregivers.

Manners are the social behaviors and customs that are considered appropriate in a particular culture or society.

Teaching children good manners involves setting a good example, providing clear guidance, and reinforcing positive behavior.

Table manners specifically refer to the behavior and etiquette related to eating and dining.

Growing up refers to the physical and psychological process of maturation and development, while bringing up refers to the process of raising and nurturing a child. 

Bring up refers to raising kids and considering various factors, including safety, education, healthcare, and social opportunities.

130

You can go to the street = incorrect
Ir a la calle = go outside
You can go outside = correct
Why don’t parents allow their kids to play outside like in the past?

vs.
street = calle/callejero

How would you describe street life for those kids who are on the streets?

The main difference in the use of this vocabulary is that “go to the street” is an incorrect way of expressing the idea of going outside, while “go outside” is a correct and more common way to say it. “Ir a la calle” is a correct way of saying “go outside” in Spanish.

On the other hand, “street” refers to the physical space or location where people walk and cars drive, while “street life” refers to the experiences, activities, and social interactions that take place in the streets. When we talk about kids who are on the streets, we may be referring to children who live on the streets or spend a significant amount of time there. The description of their street life would depend on the specific context and circumstances, but it could include aspects such as their relationships with other street children, their sources of food and shelter, their exposure to violence or exploitation, and their efforts to survive and cope with their situation.

131

moneda y billetes

coin = 10 cents, 50 cents etc
How many coins do you have in your pocket right now?

vs. 

currency = dollar/euro/pound/rupee
What’s the most valuable currency in the world right now?

vs.

note = billetes (dinero)

What is the biggest note you have in circulation in your country?

vs.

tickets = billetes

How much does a bus ticket cost from your city to the airport?

The differences in the use of this vocabulary are related to the different forms of physical currency and their denominations.

A “coin” is a small, flat, round piece of metal or other material used as money, typically worth less than a “note” or “bill.” Coins can be used to represent fractions of a currency, such as 10 cents or 50 cents, and they are often used for small transactions.

“Currency” refers to the system of money in general use in a particular country or region, and typically involves the use of coins and notes. In contrast to coins, “notes” or “bills” are pieces of paper or polymer representing a specific amount of currency, and are usually worth more than coins. For example, a $100 bill would be worth more than 100 $1 coins.

The use of “note” in reference to currency is more common in British English, while “bill” is more commonly used in American English.

“Tickets” can refer to a piece of paper or card that entitles the holder to travel on public transportation, such as a bus or train. The term can also be used for admission to an event or attraction, such as a concert or movie theater.

In summary, “coins” and “notes” refer to physical forms of currency, while “currency” is the broader term for the monetary system of a particular country or region. “Tickets” are usually used in the context of transportation or event admission.

132

to be born = correct
to born = incorrect

I was born a long time ago. When I was born, things were different from when you were born; unless, you were born around the time I was born.
Children are being born in a world which is full of hope and fear. They are born not knowing what the future has in store for them.
Hopefully, the future generations will be born in a world where hope has defeated fear. We have to work now so that when the children of the future are born, they will look back and say thank you to us.

Where were you born?
How many babies are born every day?
Where are your great grandchildren going to be born?

The verb “to be born” is the correct form of expressing the act of coming into existence or being brought into the world at birth. “To born” is not a correct verb form in English and is considered incorrect grammar. In English, the past participle form of “to be born” is “born,” which is used to describe a person’s birthplace or birth year. For example, “I was born in London in 1990.”

133

Work in vs. Work on
Work in: inside an entity/in an area
I work in that company in Bilbao in the marketing department.

Which company do you work in?
Which city do you work in?
Vs.
Work on: desarollar/para mejorar
I am working on a new marketing campaign.
What are you currently working on and when will it finish?

Which part of your personality do you want to work on?

Which skills do you need to work on?

The prepositions “in” and “on” can both be used in the context of work, but they have different meanings.

“When we say ‘work in,’ we mean working within a specific organization or in a particular location,” such as “I work in that company in Bilbao in the marketing department,” or “Which city do you work in?”

On the other hand, “work on” means to focus on a particular task or project, with the goal of improving or completing it. For example, “I am working on a new marketing campaign,” or “Which part of your personality do you want to work on?” “Work on” is often used in the context of personal development, such as “Which skills do you need to work on?” or “What are you currently working on and when will it finish?”

In summary, “work in” refers to working within a specific organization or location, while “work on” refers to focusing on a particular task or project with the goal of improving or completing it.

134

win vs. beat

We win things like competitions, matches, trophies, medals etc…
Have you ever won a competition/trophy/medal/lottery?

vs.
We beat our opponents

When was the last time you beat your best friend at a sport?

The verbs “win” and “beat” both relate to competition, but they have different meanings.

“Win” generally means to come in first place or to be the victor in a competition, match, or game. For example, “We won the championship game,” or “Have you ever won a competition/trophy/medal/lottery?”

“Beat,” on the other hand, generally means to defeat an opponent in a competition or game. For example, “We beat our opponents in the basketball game,” or “When was the last time you beat your best friend at a sport?”

In summary, “win” refers to being the victor or coming in first place, while “beat” refers to defeating an opponent in a competition or game.

135

presupuesto vs. presupuesto vs. presupuesto

Quote/Quotation: the price they give you for something

Why is it good to get a quote/quotation from various companies before making your mind up?

vs.

Budget = the total amount of money you have for something

What is your budget for your next holiday?

vs.

estimate = calculo de costes

What is the estimate of your next month’s spending?

The words “quote/quotation,” “budget,” and “estimate” all relate to money, but they have different meanings.

A “quote” or “quotation” refers to a price given by a company or service provider for a particular product or service. It is an estimate of the cost of the product or service based on the specific details provided by the customer. For example, “Why is it good to get a quote/quotation from various companies before making your mind up?”

A “budget” refers to the total amount of money you have available to spend on a particular project, activity, or period of time. It is a plan for managing your expenses and income. For example, “What is your budget for your next holiday?” A budget can also refer to the financial plan for a company or government.

An “estimate” refers to an approximate calculation or prediction of the cost, value, or amount of something. It is a calculation of costs based on the available information. For example, “What is the estimate of your next month’s spending?” It is often used in the context of cost estimates for construction or renovation projects, as well as for other financial planning purposes.

In summary, “quote/quotation” refers to a specific price given by a company or service provider, “budget” refers to the total amount of money available for a particular project or period of time, and “estimate” refers to an approximate calculation or prediction of cost or value.

136

Demanding: Exigente

He is a demanding boss = Exigente

How demanding were your parents?

Vs

Be in demand = todos lo quieren tener

The product is in demand = Demandao

Which skills/products are in demand nowadays?

The adjective “demanding” is used to describe a person or situation that requires a lot of effort, attention, or skill. For example, “a demanding boss” is someone who expects a lot of work and effort from their employees. “A demanding task” is one that requires a lot of skill and attention to complete.

On the other hand, “be in demand” means to be wanted or needed by many people. This phrase is usually used to describe a product, service, or skill. For example, “computer programmers are in high demand” means that there are many job opportunities for computer programmers because their skills are wanted by many employers.

In summary, “demanding” describes something that requires a lot of effort or skill, while “be in demand” describes something that is wanted or needed by many people.

137

Guess = Adivinar/acertar

Can you guess how much money I have in my pocket? Adivinar

When was the last time you guessed something correctly? Acertarlo

vs.

Guest = invitado

How do you treat guests when they come to your house and you are the host?

vs.

Host = huesped/presentador

What are the responsibilities of a chat show host?

The words “guess” and “guest” are homophones, which means that they sound the same but have different meanings.

“Guess” means to estimate or predict something without knowing it for sure. For example, “Can you guess the answer to this riddle?” or “I guessed the correct answer on the quiz.” It can also mean to correctly answer or identify something without prior knowledge, as in “I guessed correctly on the mystery object game.”

“Guest,” on the other hand, refers to a person who has been invited to an event or to stay in someone’s home. For example, “We had some guests over for dinner last night” or “He is staying with us as a guest.”

“Host” can refer to either a person who entertains guests or provides hospitality to them, or a person who is a master of ceremonies, such as a chat show host. For example, “She is a great host and always makes her guests feel welcome” or “The host of the talk show asked some tough questions.”

138

Compliments = Stop giving me compliments

Why is it important to give compliments to your partner regularly without being over the top?

vs.

Complement = This exercise complements this unit

What do you do to complement the work you do in class in your free time?

vs.

Accessories = Complementos: earrings, chains, scarves etc

Which computer accessory did you buy last?

The difference between “compliments”, “complement” and “accessories” is as follows:

Compliments: This refers to expressing admiration, praise, or approval for someone or something. It is usually used to describe positive feedback or comments given to someone. For example, “She received many compliments on her dress.”

Complement: This refers to something that enhances or completes something else. It is usually used to describe how one thing fits well with another. For example, “The sauce complements the dish perfectly.”

Accessories: This refers to items that are used to enhance or complete an outfit or a certain function. It can be used to describe anything from jewelry and bags to technical items such as computer accessories. For example, “She bought a new pair of earrings to go with her dress.”

139

Everyday = Todos los dias

What is something you do every day?

vs.

All day = Todo el dia

When was the last time you had to work all day without food?

The difference between “everyday” and “all day” is the frequency and duration of an action. “Everyday” refers to an action that occurs daily, such as a daily routine or habit. For example, “I brush my teeth every day.” On the other hand, “all day” refers to an action that takes place for the entire duration of a day, from morning until night. For example, “I had to work all day yesterday without any breaks.”

In summary, “everyday” refers to something that occurs daily, while “all day” refers to something that lasts the entire duration of a day.

140

Neighbourhood = barrio

Describe your neighbourhood.

vs. 

Suburbs = urbanizacion

What kind of people like to live in the suburbs?

vs. 

Ghetto = poor and rough area of a city

What kinds of issues are found in ghettos?

vecino vs. barrio

What kinds of neighbours do you have in your neighbourhood?

A neighbor is a person who lives near you, usually in the same building or on the same street.

A neighborhood is a specific area or community within a city or town where people live and interact with one another. It’s often defined by geographic boundaries or common characteristics such as cultural or socioeconomic factors.

A suburb is a residential area located on the outskirts of a city, usually characterized by larger, detached houses and more open spaces. It’s often seen as a quieter and more peaceful alternative to living in the city center.

A ghetto is an area of a city where people of a particular race, ethnicity or socioeconomic background are forced to live due to various social, economic, and political reasons. It is typically associated with poverty, crime, and a lack of opportunities.

In summary, neighbor and neighborhood refer to people and places within a community, while suburb and ghetto refer to specific types of communities based on location and social factors.

141

neither – nor

What is something that you neither like nor dislike?

How many people do you have in your life that you neither like nor dislike in your life?

vs.

either – or

If you couldn’t get either recognition or a pay rise at work after a lot of effort, would you continue working there?

If you haven’t eaten or drunk all day, how would that affect your mood/performance?

“Neither nor” and “either or” are used in negative and affirmative statements to express the relationship between two or more options or conditions.

 “Neither nor” is used to connect two negative options or conditions. It implies that both options or conditions are false or not applicable. For example:

 She neither drinks nor smokes.

Neither of us speaks Spanish.

“Either or” is used to connect two options or conditions where one or the other is true or applicable. It implies a choice between the two options. For example:

 You can either have tea or coffee.

Either you come with me or I go alone.

In both cases, the first word in the pair (neither or either) is followed by a negative or affirmative statement, and the second word (nor or or) is followed by another statement.

 It is important to note that “either or” is used in affirmative statements, while “neither nor” is used in negative statements.

142

We don’t use the verb USE (USAR) as Ponerse. Usar se traduce como utiliar y no como ponerse ropa. 

We can use a cleaning cloth to clean the table. 

What do you use to clean your kitchen? 

vs. 

have on – wear – be dressed in = llevar puesto

What do you have on?

What are you wearing?

What are you dressed in?

vs.

put on = ponerse 

Do you have a special place for you to put your clothes on in your house?

vs.

get dressed = vestirse

Do you know someone who takes long to get dressed?

formal clothes = ropa muy elegante y para sitios formales

Why do some companies require their employees to dress up in formal clothes/clothing?

vs.

smart clothes = ropa elegante y bonita

What are the benefits of wearing smart clothes?

vs. 

casual clothes = ropa normal

Why have some companies and schools relaxed their rules and allowed people to be dressed in casual clothes?

vs. 

smart = inteligente

Who is the smartest person you know?

In Spanish, “usar” means “to use,” not “to put on.” For example, to say “I put on my jacket,” use “ponerse” instead: “Me puse mi chaqueta.” Similarly, use “ponerse” for “I put on my shoes”: “Me puse mis zapatos.” “Usar” is correctly used in the sentence “We can use a cleaning cloth to clean the table.” Use the appropriate verb to communicate clearly and accurately in Spanish.

“Have on,” “wear,” and “be dressed in” are all ways to ask what someone is currently wearing.

“Put on” refers to the act of getting dressed and putting clothes on.

“Get dressed” refers to the act of putting on clothes to get ready.

“Formal clothes” refer to very elegant and dressy attire typically worn for formal events or in a professional setting.

“Smart clothes” refer to stylish and well-presented clothing that is often worn in business or social situations.

“Casual clothes” refer to normal, everyday clothing that is comfortable and easy to wear.

“Smart” can also mean intelligent or clever.

143

Habit = individual

What are some good habits and bad habits in a person?

vs.

Custom = collective = singular and plural form is possible

Describe some local customs and compare them to customs we find in other countries.

vs.

Customs = aduanas = siempre lleva la s

What are the duties of the customs department?

The word “habit” generally refers to an individual’s behavior, actions, or practices that are regularly and consistently performed, either consciously or unconsciously. Examples of good habits might include regular exercise or a healthy diet, while bad habits might include smoking or procrastination.

The word “custom” can refer to a shared practice or tradition within a particular group or society, which is often passed down from generation to generation. Examples of customs might include holiday traditions, wedding ceremonies, or religious practices. “Custom” can also refer to the action of adapting something to fit a particular context or purpose. For instance, someone might say they customized their car by adding new rims or a custom paint job.

Finally, “customs” (with an “s”) refers to the government agency responsible for monitoring and regulating the movement of goods and people across international borders. The customs department is responsible for collecting taxes and duties on imported goods and preventing the smuggling of illegal items.

144

Take = aguantar vs. tomar (no para comer y beber) vs. llevar vs. tardar

aguantar = I can’t take this pressure anymore.

What would you do if you couldn’t take the pressure at work?

vs.

tomar (de comer y beber = no) = Let’s take things easy from now on.

Why is it important for us to take things easy in life?

vs.

llevar = Please, take this to John in the other room.

When was the last time you took someone to the cinema? What did you watch?

vs.

tardar = This flight  is going to take three hours.

How long did your last flight take?

vs.

coger con la mano = Please, take the red cup from the shelf.

Can you please take the first thing you see and put it into your pocket? What was it?

vs.

robar = The thief took all of Maria’s money from the wallet.

Why is it a bad thing to take other people’s things?

Take is a versatile verb in the English language that can have multiple meanings depending on the context in which it is used. In this article, we will explore some of the different uses of take and how they differ.

Firstly, take can mean to aguantar or endure, as in the sentence “I can’t take this pressure anymore.” This usage is often used when someone is struggling to handle a difficult situation or a high level of stress. For example, if you were feeling overwhelmed at work, you might take a break to clear your head or seek support from a colleague.

Secondly, take can mean to tomar, but not in the context of food or drink. For example, “Let’s take things easy from now on.” In this context, take means to approach a situation or problem with a relaxed attitude and not to become too stressed or anxious about it. Taking things easy can help to reduce stress and improve overall well-being.

Thirdly, take can mean llevar or transport, as in the sentence “Please, take this to John in the other room.” This usage is often used when someone needs to move an object or item from one place to another. For example, you might take your friend to the cinema and watch a movie together.

Fourthly, take can mean tardar or to require a certain amount of time, as in the sentence “This flight is going to take three hours.” This usage is often used when describing the amount of time it takes to complete a task or reach a destination.

Fifthly, take can mean coger con la mano or to pick up or hold something in your hand. For example, “Please, take the red cup from the shelf.” This usage is often used when asking someone to retrieve an object or to carry something with them.

Lastly, take can also mean robar or to steal, as in the sentence “The thief took all of Maria’s money from the wallet.” This usage is obviously negative and involves taking something without permission, which is illegal and can have serious consequences.

In conclusion, take is a versatile verb in English that can have multiple meanings depending on the context in which it is used. Understanding the different meanings of take can help you communicate more effectively and avoid confusion in conversations.

145

It’s on the house = paga la casa

Why would the owner of a bar say that the drinks are on the house?

vs. 

It’s my treat /It’s on me = te invite yo – pago yo

When was the last time you told someone that it was your treat when you went to a restaurant?

vs. 

I will treat you to a meal/coffee etc. = te invite yo

When was the last time someone treated you to a coffee?

vs.

I invite you to a dinner/an event = una invitacion oficial

Who would you invite to your birthday party/wedding/anniversary?

“It’s on the house,” “It’s my treat,” and “I will treat you” are all common phrases used when someone is offering to pay for something for another person. Each phrase has a slightly different connotation and context, which can be important to understand in different situations.

When the owner of a bar or restaurant says, “It’s on the house,” it means that the drinks or food are free and the owner is paying for it. This can be done for a variety of reasons, such as to thank a loyal customer or to apologize for poor service. It can also be a marketing strategy to encourage customers to come back in the future. Offering free items can create goodwill and positive feelings towards the establishment.

On the other hand, “It’s my treat” or “It’s on me” are phrases used when one person wants to pay for another person’s meal or drinks. This is typically done as a gesture of kindness or gratitude, such as to celebrate a special occasion or to thank someone for their help. It is also common to use this phrase when the two people have a closer relationship, such as friends or family members.

“I will treat you” is similar to “It’s my treat,” but it implies that the speaker will be the one to initiate the offer. It is often used in advance, such as when planning a dinner or event, to let someone know that they do not need to worry about the cost.

In each of these cases, the offer to pay for something is seen as a generous and thoughtful act. It can create positive feelings and strengthen relationships. However, it is important to be mindful of the context and the relationship between the two people. For example, it may not be appropriate for an employer to say “It’s on me” to an employee, as it can create an uncomfortable power dynamic. Similarly, it may not be appropriate to offer to pay for something if it could create a financial burden for the other person.

In conclusion, while “It’s on the house,” “It’s my treat,” and “I will treat you” all involve paying for someone else, they have slightly different meanings and contexts. Understanding these differences can help to navigate social situations and build stronger relationships.

146

Economical = cost effective

Which mode of transport is the most economical?

vs.

Economic = de economia colectiva de una region

What are some economic problems that you are aware of?

vs.

Financial = de economia personal/de economía de una empresa

What should a person/a company do if they want to avoid financial problems?

The terms “economical,” “economic,” and “financial” all relate to the study of money, but they have different meanings and applications.

“Economical” means something that is cost-effective or efficient in terms of resources used. For example, a car that gets good gas mileage is considered more economical than one that uses a lot of gas. In the context of the question, the term refers to finding the most cost-effective mode of transportation.

On the other hand, “economic” refers to the study of the economy of a region or country. It involves analyzing factors such as production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economic problems can arise due to issues such as inflation, unemployment, or a recession.

“Financial” relates to the management of money on a personal or organizational level. It involves topics such as budgeting, investing, and accounting. A person or company can avoid financial problems by creating a budget, monitoring their expenses, and making smart investment choices.

In summary, while all three terms are related to money, “economical” is about cost-effectiveness, “economic” is about the economy of a region or country, and “financial” is about personal or organizational money management.

147

Advise = Aconsejar = verb form has an S

Who is the last person you advised?

vs.

Advice = consejo = noun form has a C

What advice did you give them?

vs.

Warn = Avisar (v)

What can we do to warn kids of the dangers of tobacco and drugs in general?

vs.

Warning = aviso (n) advertencia

Would these warnings work?

vs.

Notify = Informar 

What’s the best way to notify your employee that they are fired?

vs.

Notice = Notificacion

How would this notification make them feel?

vs.

Advertisement – advertising = publicidad – propaganda

What makes an advertisement good?

Why is advertising important for a business?

vs. 

propaganda = propaganda

As propaganda often includes misleading information and even lies, then, why do so many people believe it? 

Advise, advice, warn, warning, notify, notice, advertisement, and propaganda are all related to communication and conveying a message to someone or a group of people. However, each word has its own specific meaning and context in which it is used.

Advise is a verb that means to give counsel or recommend a course of action. It is often used when someone seeks guidance or suggestions from someone else. The verb form of the word has an “s” at the end, such as “I advised my friend to take the job offer.”

Advice, on the other hand, is a noun that means a recommendation or suggestion given to someone. It is often used when someone is seeking guidance or suggestions. The noun form of the word has a “c” at the end, such as “I gave my friend some advice on how to handle the situation.”

Warn is a verb that means to inform someone of a potential danger or problem. It is often used to prevent harm or damage from happening. For example, parents warn their children about the dangers of crossing the street without looking both ways.

Warning is a noun that means a statement or notice that alerts someone of a potential danger or problem. It is often used to prevent harm or damage from happening. For example, a warning sign on a construction site alerts people of the danger of falling objects.

Notify is a verb that means to inform someone of something. It is often used to convey information formally or officially. For example, an employer notifies their employees of a change in company policy.

Notice is a noun that means a written or printed announcement or indication. It is often used to convey information formally or officially. For example, a notice posted in a public area informs people of an upcoming event.

Advertisement or advertising is a noun that means a paid form of communication used to promote or sell a product, service, or idea. It is often used to attract customers and increase sales. For example, a company may create an advertisement to promote a new product.

Propaganda is a noun that means information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. It is often used to influence public opinion or behavior. For example, a government may use propaganda to sway public opinion in favor of a particular policy.

In conclusion, while advise, advice, warn, warning, notify, notice, advertisement, and propaganda may seem similar, they each have their own distinct meaning and context in which they are used. Understanding the differences between these words is essential for effective communication and conveying a message accurately.

148

Amusement park = parque de atracciones

What is the difference between an amusement park and a theme park?

Which one would you prefer to go to?

vs.

Theme park = parquet tematico

Which theme park would you like to go to?

vs.

Funfair = feria que tiene atracciones

How often does a funfair come to your area?

vs.

Rides = atracciones

What is your favourite ride?

An amusement park is a type of park that is designed for people to have fun and enjoy themselves. It usually consists of various types of rides, such as roller coasters, carousels, and water rides, as well as games and food stalls. The focus of an amusement park is mainly on providing visitors with thrilling experiences and entertainment.

On the other hand, a theme park is a type of amusement park that is designed around a particular theme or concept, such as a popular movie, TV show, or book. The rides, games, and attractions in a theme park are all related to the theme, and there is usually a lot of attention paid to the design and decoration of the park to create an immersive experience for visitors.

In terms of preference, it depends on what a person is looking for. If someone is looking for a wide variety of thrilling rides and entertainment, then an amusement park might be the better choice. But if someone is looking for a more immersive and thematic experience, then a theme park might be more appealing.

A funfair is another type of park that consists of various attractions and games, but it is usually smaller and more temporary than an amusement or theme park. Funfairs typically travel from place to place and set up for a short period of time, such as a few days or a week, before moving on to the next location.

Finally, rides are the specific attractions in amusement parks, theme parks, and funfairs that visitors can experience, such as roller coasters, carousels, and water slides. Everyone has their favourite ride, and it often depends on personal preferences, such as whether someone likes fast and thrilling rides or more gentle ones.

149

Tough = hard or resilient

If you are a tough person, you are resilient.

If a situation is tough, it is hard/difficult for you. In the same way, if a person is tough on you/for you, that person is difficult for you.

One thing is being tough yourself; another thing is facing tough people or situations.

How tough are you as a person? resilient 

vs. 

What is the toughest situation you have had to deal with? dificil/duro 

How would you deal with a tough boss? dificil/duro 

The word “tough” can have multiple meanings depending on the context in which it is used.

When referring to something that is difficult to do or handle, “tough” means hard or challenging. For example, “It’s tough to learn a new language” or “The exam was tough, but I think I did well.”

On the other hand, “tough” can also mean resilient or durable, referring to something that is strong enough to withstand damage or wear over time. For example, “This material is tough and can withstand extreme temperatures” or “That athlete is tough, she can keep going even with an injury.”

In both cases, “tough” refers to something that is not easy to deal with or manage, whether it is a difficult task or a physical object that is strong and durable.

150

Know vs. Meet

We first meet someone or visit a place. Then, we get to know them. If we are lucky and meet the person regularly or visit the place regularly we learn enough about them to say that we truly and really know them as a person or a place. Mostly, we only know people and places superficially; meaning we can identify them but not know them from the inside deeply.

When did you (first) meet your best friend? Conocer por la primera vez = meet not know

I met …

Where did you (first) meet your best friend? Conocer por la primera vez = meet not know

I met …

vs. 

When are you going to meet your best friend next? Quedar con alguien/encontrarse con

How often do you meet your friends? Quedar con alguien/encontrarse con

vs. 

How well do you know your best friend? Conocerle a alguien Profundamente

Do you know who the president of your country is? Saber quien es

Do you really know who the president of your country is as a person? Conocerle profundamente

Is it possible to say that we truly know the people we know?

vs. 

How can you get to know a city/a person really well? Conocerle a alguien profundamente

vs. 

How many cities have you visited?

How did you get to know them when you visited them?

For Spanish speakers who are learning English, one of the most common mistakes is confusing the verbs “know” and “meet”. In Spanish, both verbs are translated to “conocer”, which can lead to confusion and incorrect usage in English.

To clarify, “meet” is used to describe the act of being introduced to someone for the first time or coming together in a specific place or event. For example, “I am going to meet my friend at the park.” This means that the person has not yet been introduced to the friend or seen them at the park.

On the other hand, “know” is used to describe familiarity or understanding of someone or something. It indicates that you have previous experience or knowledge of a person or thing. For example, “I know my friend well.” This implies that the person has had interactions with their friend before and is familiar with their character, personality, and behavior.

The confusion between these two verbs can lead to incorrect usage and misunderstanding. For example, saying “I don’t meet that restaurant” when you mean “I don’t know that restaurant” can cause confusion and misinterpretation.

Another common mistake is using “meet” instead of “know” in situations where the speaker is trying to express familiarity or understanding. For example, saying “I meet the city of New York” instead of “I know the city of New York” can be confusing and incorrect.

To avoid these mistakes, Spanish speakers learning English should practice using both “meet” and “know” in different contexts and understand the differences in their meanings. It is also helpful to pay attention to how native English speakers use these verbs in conversations and media.

In conclusion, while “meet” and “know” may be translated to the same word in Spanish, they have distinct meanings in English. It is essential to understand and use them correctly to avoid confusion and effectively communicate with English speakers.