51

Reserve or Book vs. Hire vs. Rent vs. Rent out

Reserve or Book = reservar = una habitacion en un hotel, una mesa en un restaurant, un vuelo, un viaje

When was the last time you reserved/booked a hotel room?

vs.

Hire = contratar = servicio de un profesional, el equipo, un coche 

Have you ever hired a car or any equipment?

Have you ever had to hire the services of a lawyer/a tour guide?

vs. 

Rent = alquilar algo de alguien = un piso o una casa: tenant, un coche 

Can you compare renting a flat/house to buying one on mortgage?

vs.

Rent out = alquilar nuestro piso: owner/coche a alguien

What kinds of issues do landlords /landladies face when they rent out their houses/flats to tennats?  

When it comes to obtaining the use of something, there are various terms that can be used, such as reserve, hire, rent, and rent out. Each term has a specific meaning and is used in different situations. In this article, we will discuss the differences between these terms and the contexts in which they are commonly used.

Reserve or Book

Reserving or booking something refers to the act of securing a spot or service in advance. This can include booking a hotel room, reserving a table at a restaurant, purchasing a flight ticket, or organizing a trip. The purpose of reserving or booking is to ensure that the desired service or product is available when needed. It’s common to reserve or book things in advance to avoid missing out on popular services, especially during peak periods.

Hire

Hiring refers to the process of employing the services of a professional or acquiring the use of equipment or vehicles for a specific period. This could involve hiring a lawyer for legal advice, hiring a tour guide for a trip, or hiring a car for transportation. In general, hiring is associated with services that require specialized knowledge or expertise.

Rent

Renting refers to the act of obtaining the use of a property or item for a specified period in exchange for payment. This could include renting a flat or house as a tenant or renting a car for personal transportation. Renting is often used as a temporary solution or for short-term needs.

Rent Out

Renting out refers to the act of allowing someone else to use a property or item that you own in exchange for payment. This could involve renting out a house or flat as a landlord or renting out a car as an owner. Renting out is commonly used as a means of generating income from an asset that is not being used.

Comparing Renting to Hiring

When it comes to obtaining the use of something, renting and hiring are often compared. For example, renting a flat or house can be compared to buying one on mortgage. Renting is generally considered a more flexible option as it doesn’t require a long-term commitment, and tenants can move out when their lease expires. On the other hand, buying a house on mortgage involves a long-term commitment, but it’s an investment that can appreciate over time.

Issues Faced by Landlords/Landladies when Renting Out Properties

Renting out a property comes with its own set of challenges. Landlords or landladies must ensure that their property is in good condition and meets all legal requirements. They must also find reliable tenants, deal with repairs and maintenance, and collect rent on time. Late payments, property damage, and tenant disputes can also cause problems for landlords or landladies. It’s essential to have a clear understanding of the rental agreement and to communicate effectively with tenants to avoid any misunderstandings or conflicts.

In conclusion, the terms reserve or book, hire, rent, and rent out are commonly used in different contexts. Each term has a specific meaning and is associated with different types of services or products. Understanding the differences between these terms can help individuals make informed decisions when obtaining the use of something. Additionally, landlords or landladies must be aware of the challenges involved in renting out properties and take steps to mitigate any potential problems.

52

Attend = asistir
Did you attend school regularly or were you absent a lot?

attendance (asistencia)

How was your attendance at school?

vs.
Assist = ayudar (a more structured or professional relationship) 
Who can assist you with filing your tax return (hacer la declaracion de la renta)?

vs. 

Prestar atencion 

Did you always pay attention in class? 

vs. 

assistance (help)

Have you ever given an old person assistance to climb up the stairs/cross the road?

When it comes to attending events or receiving help, two terms that are commonly used are attend and assist. While these words may seem similar, they have different meanings and are used in different contexts. In this article, we will discuss the differences between these terms and provide examples of their usage.

Attend

The term attend refers to the act of being present at an event, such as a school, meeting, or party. It implies active participation and engagement in the event. For instance, students attend school to learn and participate in classroom activities. Regular attendance is vital to ensure that one does not miss out on essential information and experiences. The attendance record is often used to measure the level of participation and engagement in a particular event.

For instance, in schools, attendance is taken regularly to track the number of days a student has attended school. This information is used to determine if a student meets the required attendance level or if they need to make up for missed classes. High attendance rates are essential in schools as it indicates that students are actively participating in the learning process.

Assist

Assist refers to the act of providing help or support to someone who needs it. It implies a willingness to aid another person and often requires specialized knowledge or skills. For instance, an accountant can assist someone with filing their tax return by providing guidance on the process and ensuring that all necessary forms are completed correctly. Assistance can be provided in a variety of ways, including physical support, advice, and emotional support. 

For example, helping an elderly person climb the stairs or cross the road is a form of physical assistance. Offering advice or emotional support to a friend going through a challenging time is a form of emotional assistance.

Asistir can also be translated as PAY ATTENTION into English. For example, He wasn’t paying attention to his teacher. 

Assistance is often needed when someone lacks the necessary skills, knowledge, or resources to complete a task on their own. In such cases, assistance can be provided by professionals or volunteers with the required expertise.

In conclusion, while attend and assist may appear to be similar, they are used in different contexts and have different meanings. Attend refers to the act of being present at an event, while assist refers to the act of providing help or support to someone in need. Understanding the differences between these terms can help individuals use them accurately in various situations.

53

less than = comparative

What do you eat less than before nowadays?

vs.

the least = superlative

What is the least favourite food in your family?

When we compare things, we use comparative and superlative forms. In English, we use the word “less than” to express a comparative form, which means comparing two things to determine which one has less of something. On the other hand, we use the phrase “the least” to express a superlative form, which means comparing three or more things to determine which one has the smallest or least amount of something. In this article, we will explore the differences between these two forms of comparison.

Less Than

When we use the comparative form “less than,” we are comparing two things to see which one has less of something. For instance, you might say, “I eat less junk food than I did before,” which means you consume fewer unhealthy snacks than you did in the past. The word “less” indicates that the amount of junk food you eat now is smaller than the amount you ate before.

We often use the comparative form when we want to describe a change in behavior or habits over time. For example, you might say, “I drink less coffee than I used to,” which means you consume less coffee now than you did in the past. The comparative form allows us to compare two different points in time and describe the change that occurred between them.

The Least

When we use the superlative form “the least,” we are comparing three or more things to see which one has the smallest or least amount of something. For example, you might say, “Broccoli is the least favorite food in my family,” which means that out of all the foods your family eats, broccoli is the one that they like the least.

We often use the superlative form when we want to describe something that stands out as the smallest or least significant in a group. For example, you might say, “This is the least expensive option,” which means that out of all the available choices, this one is the least costly. The superlative form allows us to compare multiple options and determine which one is the smallest or least significant.

In conclusion, while both comparative and superlative forms are used to compare things, they have different meanings and are used in different contexts. “Less than” is used when we compare two things to determine which one has less of something, while “the least” is used when we compare three or more things to determine which one has the smallest or least amount of something. By understanding the differences between these two forms of comparison, we can use them correctly in our writing and speaking.

54

girlfriend = novia

boyfriend = novio

What complaints do boyfriends and girlfriends have about each other?

vs.

female friend = amiga

male friend = amigo

Do you have more male friends or female friends? Is your relationship different with each group?

The difference between “girlfriend” and “boyfriend” and “female friend” and “male friend” is that the former refers to a romantic relationship, while the latter refers to a platonic friendship.

“Girlfriend” and “boyfriend” refer to individuals who are in a romantic relationship. “Girlfriend” refers to a female partner, while “boyfriend” refers to a male partner. When we use these terms, we are indicating that the two individuals are romantically involved with each other.

On the other hand, “female friend” and “male friend” refer to individuals who are friends with each other but are not romantically involved. These terms are used to indicate the gender of the friend but do not imply any romantic involvement.

When we talk about complaints that boyfriends and girlfriends have about each other, we are discussing the challenges that can arise in romantic relationships, such as communication issues, disagreements, or unmet expectations.

Conversely, when we talk about having male friends or female friends and how our relationships with each group differ, we are discussing the dynamics of platonic friendships. These dynamics may vary based on individual personalities, interests, and shared experiences.

In summary, “girlfriend” and “boyfriend” refer to a romantic relationship, while “female friend” and “male friend” refer to platonic friendships. It is important to understand the context in which these terms are used to communicate effectively.

55

Average = la media numerica
What’s the average distance you drive every week?

vs.
Media = los medios de comunicacion
How well do you feel the media is reporting on the current crises in society?

The difference between “average” and “media” is that the former refers to a numerical calculation while the latter refers to a means of communication.

When we use the term “average,” we are referring to a mathematical calculation that determines the midpoint or central tendency of a set of numbers. For example, “What’s the average distance you drive every week?” Here, the question is asking for a numerical value, the average distance driven every week.

On the other hand, when we use the term “media,” we are referring to a means of communication or the collective outlets that distribute news and information to the public. For example, “How well do you feel the media is reporting on the current crises in society?” Here, the question is asking for an opinion on the performance of news and information distribution outlets.

In summary, “average” refers to a mathematical calculation, while “media” refers to the means of communication. It is important to understand the context in which these terms are used to communicate effectively.

56

fecha = date

What is the date today?

vs. 

personal details = datos  

What kinds of places require you to give your personal details?

vs. 

data or information = data

How much data can you store on your laptop/phone? 

The difference between “fecha” (date), “datos” (personal details), and “data” (data or information) is that the first refers to a specific day in the calendar, the second refers to personal information about an individual, and the third refers to information in general.

When we use the term “fecha” or “date,” we are referring to a specific day on the calendar. For example, “What is the date today?” This question is asking for the specific day in the calendar, such as April 7, 2023.

When we use the term “datos” or “personal details,” we are referring to specific information about an individual, such as their name, address, date of birth, and social security number. For example, “What kinds of places require you to give your personal details?” This question is asking about places that require individuals to provide their personal information, such as banks, government agencies, or employers.

Finally, when we use the term “data” or “information,” we are referring to any kind of information, including numerical data, text, images, or video. For example, “How much data can you store on your laptop/phone?” This question is asking about the amount of information that can be stored on a device.

In summary, “fecha” refers to a specific day on the calendar, “datos” refers to personal information about an individual, and “data” refers to information in general. It is important to understand the context in which these terms are used to communicate effectively.

57

revision = repaso (school)

What are the benefits of doing revision regularly?

vs.

review = look at something carefully

Who would you ask to review your work before publishing it if you were to write a book?

vs.

check = look at something to see if it is ok

Why should we check things properly before considering them finished?

vs.

check up (n) = revision medica

When was the last time you went for a check up? When was the last time you had a check up?

When was the last time you had a blood/eye/urine test? 

The difference between “revision,” “review,” “check,” and “check up” is that they all involve looking at something carefully but with different purposes.

When we use the term “revision,” we refer to the act of reviewing and studying material previously learned, typically in a school setting. For example, “What are the benefits of doing revision regularly?” This question is asking about the advantages of regularly reviewing and studying previously learned material.

When we use the term “review,” we refer to the act of examining something carefully, usually for the purpose of evaluating or improving it. For example, “Who would you ask to review your work before publishing it if you were to write a book?” This question is asking about who could provide feedback on written work to evaluate or improve it.

When we use the term “check,” we refer to the act of looking at something carefully to ensure that it is correct, complete, or in good condition. For example, “Why should we check things properly before considering them finished?” This question is asking about the importance of ensuring the accuracy or completeness of something before considering it finished.

Finally, when we use the term “check up,” we refer to a medical examination or assessment. For example, “When was the last time you went for a check up? When was the last time you had a blood test?” These questions are asking about the last time someone received a medical examination or had their health assessed.

In summary, “revision” refers to reviewing and studying previously learned material, “review” refers to examining something carefully for the purpose of evaluating or improving it, “check” refers to looking at something carefully to ensure that it is correct, complete, or in good condition, and “check up” refers to a medical examination or assessment.

58

above all = sobre todo

What do you look for in an employee above all?

vs. 

overall = en general – en conjunto  – total

What is the overall social/economic situation in your country like at the moment?

vs. 

overalls = el mono de trabajo

In which jobs, do people have to wear overalls?

The difference between “above all,” “overall,” and “overalls” is that they are different words with different meanings.

“Above all” is an idiomatic expression that means “especially” or “most importantly.” For example, “What do you look for in an employee above all?” This question is asking about the most important qualities an employer looks for in a potential employee.

“On the other hand,” “overall” is an adverb that means “in general” or “as a whole.” For example, “What is the overall social/economic situation in your country like at the moment?” This question is asking about the general state of a country’s social and economic conditions.

Finally, “overalls” is a noun that refers to a type of protective clothing worn over regular clothing to protect against dirt or injury, typically in a workplace setting. For example, “In which jobs do people have to wear overalls?” This question is asking about occupations that require the use of protective clothing, such as construction or manufacturing jobs.

In summary, “above all” means “especially” or “most importantly,” “overall” means “in general” or “as a whole,” and “overalls” are a type of protective clothing worn in certain occupations.

59

Side effects = Efectos secundarios = correct
Second effects = incorrect

Have you ever suffered from the side effects of a medicine you took?

The difference between “side effects” and “second effects” is that “side effects” is the correct term used to describe the unintended or adverse effects of a medicine, while “second effects” is an incorrect or non-existent term.

“Side effects” refers to the unintended or adverse effects of a medication, treatment, or therapy, which may occur in addition to its intended therapeutic effects. These effects can range from mild to severe and can vary from person to person.

On the other hand, “second effects” is not a term commonly used in the medical field to describe the unintended effects of a medication or treatment. Therefore, it is not a correct or appropriate term to use when discussing the potential adverse effects of a medication.

In summary, “side effects” is the correct term used to describe the unintended or adverse effects of a medication or treatment, while “second effects” is not a correct or commonly used term in the medical field.

60

Be sure vs. ensure vs. assure vs. secure

Be sure = opinion/decision

How can you be sure that someone really loves you?

vs. 

Ensure = make sure

How can you ensure that you have fun on your day off?

vs. 

Assure = please, believe me

Talk about a time someone assured you that they would do a good job if you hired them, but the quality of work was not good.

vs. 

Secure = make sure there is no physical danger

How did people use to secure their areas in the past?

The words “be sure,” “ensure,” “assure,” and “secure” are all related to the concept of making sure of something, but they are used in different contexts and with different meanings.

“Be sure” is used to express an opinion or decision about something. It is often used to express confidence or certainty. For example, “I am sure that she is telling the truth.”

“Ensure” means to make sure that something happens or is done correctly. It is used when someone wants to guarantee that something will happen. For example, “I will ensure that the project is completed on time.”

“Assure” means to promise or guarantee that something will happen or be done correctly. It is used to provide reassurance to someone about something. For example, “I assure you that we will take care of the problem.”

“Secure” means to make sure that something is safe and free from danger. It is used in the context of protecting someone or something from harm. For example, “We need to secure the building to prevent unauthorized access.”

In summary, “be sure” expresses an opinion or decision, “ensure” means to guarantee that something will happen or be done correctly, “assure” means to promise or guarantee that something will happen or be done correctly, and “secure” means to make sure that something is safe and free from danger.

61

energy = energia

We have an energy crisis.

Why has the price of energy gone up?

vs. 

energetic = con mucha energia/muy movido

Those kids are really energetic.

Who is the most energetic old person you know? 

The difference between “energy” and “energetic” is that “energy” refers to the power or ability to do work, and it can also be used to describe the sources or forms of power that are used to generate electricity, heat, or fuel. On the other hand, “energetic” describes a person, animal, or activity that is full of energy, lively, and active. While “energy” is often used in the context of discussing energy sources and consumption, “energetic” is used to describe people, animals, or things that are full of life and vigor. For example, one might say “we have an energy crisis” when discussing the availability and cost of energy sources, while “those kids are really energetic” is used to describe lively and active children.

62

where you are coming from: entender la logica tuya

Does the acceptance of your opinions by other people depend on where you are coming from?

vs.

where you come from: origin tuyo

Do you get treated differently depending on where you come from?

“Where you are coming from” refers to your perspective or the logic behind your opinions or actions. It is more about understanding your background and thoughts that have led you to a certain point of view.

On the other hand, “where you come from” refers to your place of origin, where you were born or grew up, your cultural background, and other related factors. It is more about your nationality, ethnicity, or upbringing.

So, “where you are coming from” is about your thought process and perspective, while “where you come from” is about your origin and background.

63

patisserie = pasteleria

How would you run a patisserie?

vs.

bakery = panaderia

How often do you buy things from a bakery?

The difference between “patisserie” and “bakery” is that a patisserie specializes in French pastries, desserts, and cakes, while a bakery typically offers a wider range of baked goods including bread, pastries, cakes, and sometimes sandwiches. A patisserie focuses on sweet treats and often emphasizes artistry and creativity in the presentation of their offerings. A bakery, on the other hand, may offer a wider variety of breads and savory baked goods, as well as sweet treats. In terms of running these businesses, a patisserie owner would need to have knowledge and skills in creating intricate pastry designs and working with delicate ingredients, while a bakery owner would need to focus more on bread-making techniques and managing a larger variety of baked goods.

64

Town hall = el edificio principal del ayuntamiento

Where is the town hall located in your city?

vs.

Council = Departamento completo que se llama el ayuntamiento

Is your council doing a good job?

vs.

Regional council = diputacion

What is the difference between the council and the regional council?

What is the role of the Town hall in the local council?  

The town hall is the main building of the local council where administrative and governmental functions are carried out. It is typically the physical location where city officials meet and make decisions regarding local laws, regulations, and policies. The town hall is also often the site of public meetings, events, and civic activities.

In contrast, the council refers to the entire governing body of a city or town, which includes elected officials and administrative staff who oversee various departments and functions, such as public safety, public works, and planning and development. The council is responsible for making decisions that affect the overall well-being of the community, and its performance is evaluated by the public through elections and other forms of feedback.

The term “Regional council” refers to a local government body that is responsible for governing and administering a particular region or area within a country. In Spain, the equivalent term for a regional council is “diputación”, which is a local government institution that serves as an intermediary between the central government and the municipalities within a particular province or region.

Diputaciones are responsible for a variety of tasks, including providing public services such as road maintenance, waste management, and public transportation. They also provide financial support to municipalities for various projects and initiatives.

Overall, both “Regional council” and “diputación” refer to local government bodies that are responsible for governing and administering specific regions or provinces within a country, with “diputación” being the specific term used in Spain.

65

sole = planta – suela

Have you ever had the soles of your feet massaged?

What are the soles of your favourite pair of shoes/trainers made of?

vs.

insoles = plantilla

Why would someone use insoles?  

vs.

staff = plantilla de trabajo

What do you think of the professionalism of the staff at el Corte ingles?

vs.

soul = alma

Do you believe that we all have a soul inside our bodies?

The word “sole” can have two meanings – it can refer to the bottom part of a shoe or foot (suela or planta), or it can also refer to a type of fish. “Insoles” are the inserts that go inside a shoe to provide additional cushioning or support. “Staff” refers to the employees or workers of a company or organization. And “soul” refers to the spiritual or immaterial part of a person. 

66

aprovecharse

Why is it always essential to take advantage of opportunities people give you?

Do you make use of the time you spend in your English classes?

Do you make the most of the free time you have at the weekends?

vs. 

Why is it bad to take advantage of vulnerable people?

How many ways are there to say aprovechar?

Can you use all three of the above in a positive sense?

Can you only use TAKE ADVANTAGE OF in the negative sense?

Do you make use of your weekends?

Do you make the most of your weekends?

Do you take advantage of your weekends?

vs.

Why shouldn’t we take advantage of weak people?

The word “aprovecharse” has different meanings and connotations depending on the context in which it is used.

In a positive sense, “aprovecharse” can mean “to take advantage of an opportunity” or “to make the most of something.” For example, “¿Aprovechas tus fines de semana para hacer actividades al aire libre?” (Do you make use of your weekends to do outdoor activities?)

However, “aprovecharse” can also have a negative connotation, meaning “to take advantage of someone’s vulnerability or weakness” or “to exploit someone.” For example, “No está bien aprovecharse de las personas mayores y quitarles su dinero.” (It’s not right to take advantage of elderly people and take their money.)

In Spanish, there are different ways to express “aprovechar,” depending on the context. For example, “aprovechar una oportunidad” (to take advantage of an opportunity), “aprovechar el tiempo” (to make the most of one’s time), or “aprovecharse de alguien” (to take advantage of someone).

In English, “take advantage of” can be used in both positive and negative contexts, but it is more commonly used in a negative sense. Other phrases like “make the most of” or “take advantage of an opportunity” can be used to express the positive sense of “aprovechar.”

To summarize, “aprovecharse” can have different meanings and connotations depending on the context, and there are different ways to express the different meanings in Spanish and English.

67

reject = I don’t want it

Why does society reject some people? Which personality types are often rejected?

vs.

refuse = I don’t want to do it  

What kinds of tasks would you refuse to do at work?

vs.

deny = I didn’t do it

How can the police get a criminal to confess to his/her crime if the culprit was denying having done it?

Does reject mean that you don’t want something/someone? Yes

Does refuse mean that you don’t want to do something? Yes

Does deny mean that you haven’t done something? Yes

Can deny also mean that you refuse to give someone something? Yes

Rejection, refusal, and denial are common words used in our daily conversations, and they all imply the absence of consent. However, they differ in their meanings and connotations, and it is essential to understand their distinctions to use them appropriately.

Firstly, let’s start with the word “reject,” which means to refuse to accept or acknowledge something or someone. Society often rejects individuals who do not conform to its norms, values, or expectations. These expectations can be related to physical appearance, behavior, beliefs, or social status. For example, individuals who belong to a marginalized group or have a stigmatized identity, such as the LGBTQ+ community, people with disabilities, or ex-convicts, are often rejected by society. Personality types that are often rejected include those who are introverted, unconventional, or eccentric, as they may not fit in with the general population’s expectations. Rejection can lead to feelings of isolation, low self-esteem, and mental health issues.

Secondly, “refuse” means to decline or say no to something. It is a way of asserting one’s boundaries or preferences. At work, there may be certain tasks that one may refuse to do if they are outside of their job description or violate their ethical principles. For example, a nurse may refuse to administer medication to a patient if they believe it is not safe or appropriate. Refusing can also be a form of self-care, as it helps individuals maintain their emotional, physical, and mental well-being.

Lastly, “deny” means to assert that something is not true or that one did not do something. In legal contexts, denial is often used when someone is accused of a crime. The police may use various techniques to get the culprit to confess to the crime, such as offering a plea bargain or using psychological tactics. However, false confessions can also occur if the accused person is coerced, threatened, or misled. In everyday life, denying can also be used to avoid taking responsibility for one’s actions or to protect oneself from criticism or consequences.

In conclusion, while the words reject, refuse, and deny may seem similar, they have different connotations and contexts in which they are used. It is essential to understand their distinctions to use them appropriately and to be aware of the potential consequences of their usage. Rejecting someone can lead to feelings of isolation and low self-esteem, refusing can be a form of self-care, and denying can be used to avoid taking responsibility. Understanding these words’ meanings and contexts can help us communicate effectively and respectfully with others.

68

Does CYNICAL mean the same as CINICO in Spanish? No

Does it mean that you doubt the success or veracity of something? Yes

What kinds of things in society are you cynical about?

The words “cynical” in English and “cínico” in Spanish have a similar meaning, but there are some differences in their usage and connotations.

In English, “cynical” typically describes a person who is distrustful of human sincerity and motives, often to the point of being contemptuous or sarcastic. It can also refer to a belief or attitude that people are motivated purely by self-interest, and that virtue and morality are largely irrelevant.

In Spanish, “cínico” can also refer to a person who is distrustful of others or skeptical of their motives, but it often has a more negative connotation, implying a lack of moral principles or shame. It can also be used to describe a person who is rude, insensitive, or impolite, as in “un comentario cínico” (a cynical remark).

Overall, while the basic meaning of the two words is similar, “cynical” in English has a broader and more neutral connotation, while “cínico” in Spanish is often used to convey a more negative judgment or attitude.

69

con/trick/cheat someone = defraudar

Why is it bad to con/trick/cheat people?

vs. 

cheat = copiar 

Have you ever seen anyone cheat in an exam? 

vs. 

cheat on someone = ser infiel en una relacion romantica

Why do partners cheat on each other in a relationship? Fidelity

vs. 

Disappointed = decepcionado (feeling sad )

What kinds of things make us feel disappointed?

The phrases “con/trick/cheat someone” and “cheat on someone” have different meanings and implications.

“Con/trick/cheat someone” refers to the act of deceiving or defrauding someone in a situation where they are trusting you, often with the intent to gain some sort of advantage or benefit for oneself. This behavior is generally considered wrong and unethical because it involves taking advantage of someone’s trust and potentially causing them harm or loss. “Cheat” can also mean “Copiar” in  Spanish. For example, if someone were to cheat on a test by copying someone else’s answers, you could say in Spanish “él copió en el examen” which would translate to “he cheated on the test” in English.

On the other hand, “cheating on someone” refers to being unfaithful to a romantic partner by engaging in intimate activities with someone else. This behavior is considered wrong and hurtful because it involves betraying the trust and commitment that two people have made to each other in a relationship.

In terms of feeling disappointed, people can feel this emotion in various situations, such as when their expectations are not met or when they feel let down by someone or something they had faith in. Disappointment can also stem from a sense of disillusionment or unfulfilled hopes and dreams. Essentially, disappointment arises when reality does not align with what we had hoped or expected, leading to a sense of sadness or letdown.

70

echar la bronca

have a go at someone

shout at someone

tell someone off

How often did your parents have a go at you?

Why is it bad to shout at your kids all the time?

When is it important to tell your kids off?

When was the last time you had a go at someone?

When was the last time you shouted at someone?

When was the last time you told someone off?

“echar la bronca” is a colloquial expression in Spanish that can be translated as “have a go at someone,” “shout at someone,” or “tell someone off.” It refers to scolding, rebuking, or reprimanding someone, usually in a stern or angry tone.

Parents may “echar la bronca” at their children when they misbehave or do something wrong, in an effort to correct their behavior and teach them right from wrong. However, it is important to do so in a constructive and respectful manner, rather than constantly shouting or berating them.

Shouting at kids all the time can be harmful to their emotional well-being and can lead to feelings of fear, anxiety, and insecurity. It is important for parents to communicate with their children calmly and patiently, and to use “echar la bronca” as a tool for discipline rather than as a means of control or punishment.

Telling someone off is important when their behavior is inappropriate, harmful, or disrespectful. It is a way of setting boundaries and communicating expectations, but again, it should be done respectfully and constructively.

71

come up = surgir

When was the last time you had to leave a meeting because something important came up?

vs. 

come up with = encontrar soluciones/sugerir soluciones 

When was the last time your friends came up with a solution to a problem you were having?

If a problem comes up at work, how easily do you come up with solutions?

The difference between “come up” and “come up with” is that the former means “to appear or arise unexpectedly,” while the latter means “to suggest or think of an idea or solution.”

In the first sentence, “come up” is used to describe an unexpected event that caused the speaker to leave a meeting. In the second sentence, “come up with” is used to describe the act of suggesting a solution to a problem.

72

make = transform vs. become = convertirse en (there is no preposition in with become)

I can make this sofa a bed.

This sofa becomes a bed.

I can convert this sofa into a bed.

This sofa converts into a bed.

I can transform this sofa into a bed.

This sofa transforms into a bed.

Would you become happy if someone tried to make you happy by telling you a joke when you were sad?

make vs. become

When was the last time someone made you angry and you became angry?

When was the last time someone made you happy and you became happy?

When was the last time something made you sad and you became sad?

make = obligar/ocasionar/provocar de alguna manera

As a kid, did you do your homework yourself or did your parents make you do it?

How can you make young people take their responsibilities seriously?

How does the government make people abide by the law?

How can you make your workers perform well in their duties?

Make and become are two verbs that are often used to describe a transformation of one thing into another. However, they have different meanings and usage in English.

Make refers to the act of transforming or changing something into a different state or form. It implies an active effort or intervention to bring about a change. For example, “I can make this sofa a bed” means that with some effort or manipulation, the sofa can be transformed into a bed. Other examples include “I can make a cake from scratch” or “I can make a paper airplane.”

On the other hand, become means to undergo a transformation or change from one state to another. It implies a natural or gradual process that leads to the change. For example, “This sofa becomes a bed” means that due to the design or function of the sofa, it naturally transforms into a bed. Other examples include “The caterpillar becomes a butterfly” or “He became a successful businessman.”

Both make and become can also be used in the sense of converting or transforming something into another form or state. For instance, “I can convert this sofa into a bed” or “This sofa converts into a bed” imply that the sofa can be changed into a bed through a process of conversion. Similarly, “I can transform this sofa into a bed” or “This sofa transforms into a bed” suggest that the sofa can be changed into a bed through a process of transformation.

In addition, make can also mean to force, oblige or cause someone to do something. For example, “Did your parents make you do your homework as a kid?” or “How can you make young people take their responsibilities seriously?” These sentences suggest that someone is being forced or compelled to do something against their will.

On the other hand, become does not have this meaning of forcing or obliging someone to do something. It only refers to the process of transformation or change that occurs naturally or gradually.

In conclusion, make and become are two verbs that describe the transformation of one thing into another, but they have different meanings and usage in English. Make refers to an active effort or intervention to bring about a change, while become implies a natural or gradual process of transformation.

73

jam = mermelada de todas las frutas excepto las naranjas  or  atasco

What kinds of issues can arise during the rush hour besides traffic jams?

How often do you have jam on toast for breakfast?

vs. 

marmalade = orange jam only

Do you prefer marmalade or another kind of jam?

vs. 

ham = jamon

Why is Iberian ham so popular in many parts of the world?

The difference between jam and marmalade is that jam is a type of preserve made from fruits such as berries, plums, and apricots, while marmalade is a type of preserve made specifically from citrus fruits, with oranges being the most common. The word “jam” can also refer to a situation where things are stuck or crowded together, such as a traffic jam or a jam-packed room. On the other hand, “marmalade” refers only to the specific type of citrus preserve.

As for ham, it is a cured meat that comes from the hind leg of a pig. Iberian ham, also known as Jamón Ibérico, is a type of ham that is popular in many parts of the world, particularly in Spain and Portugal. It is considered a delicacy because of the unique taste and texture that comes from the Iberian pig’s diet of acorns and other natural foods.

In summary, jam is a type of fruit preserve, marmalade is a specific type of citrus preserve made from oranges, and ham is a cured meat from the hind leg of a pig.

74

primos

How many cousins do you have?

How many male cousins/cousin brothers and female cousins/cousin sisters do you have?

The word “cousin” refers to a family member who shares a common ancestor with you, but is not your sibling, parent, or direct descendant. To use the word properly, it’s important to understand the different types of cousins that exist.

First, there are two main categories of cousins: first cousins and second cousins. First cousins are the children of your parents’ siblings (i.e. your aunt or uncle). Second cousins are the children of your parents’ cousins.

Within these categories, there are also distinctions based on gender. Male cousins are often referred to as “cousin brothers,” while female cousins are called “cousin sisters.” For example, you might say “I have five first cousins – two cousin brothers and three cousin sisters.”

It’s important to note that in some cultures and families, different words or terms may be used to refer to cousins, and there may be additional distinctions made based on age or generation. However, the basic idea remains the same – cousins are family members who share a common ancestor.

75

floor/storey = pisos de un edificios

How many storey building do you live in?

I live in an 11-storey building.

I live in a building that has 11 floors. 

floor = inside buildings

What colour is the floor in your house?

vs.

ground = outside

Have you ever fallen on the ground and hurt yourself?

The words “floor” and “storey” both refer to the levels or stories in a building. They are often used interchangeably, but “floor” is more commonly used in American English, while “storey” is more commonly used in British English.

When referring to the number of levels in a building, either “floor” or “storey” can be used. For example, “I live in an 11 storey building” and “I live in a building that has 11 floors” both convey the same meaning.

It is important to note that in some countries, such as the United States, the first level of a building is typically referred to as the “first floor,” while in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, it is referred to as the “ground floor.” So, when referring to a specific level, it is important to use the appropriate term for the country you are in.

The word “floor” also refers to the level surface that makes up the interior of a building, usually made of wood, concrete, or other materials. When we refer to the “floor” in a building, we are talking about the surface we walk on inside a particular room, such as a living room, bedroom, or kitchen. So when someone asks “What colour is the floor in your house?” they are asking about the color of the surface inside your house, where you walk and put furniture.

On the other hand, the word “ground” refers to the surface that is outside, often made of dirt, grass, or pavement. When we refer to the “ground,” we are usually talking about the earth beneath our feet outside, such as in a park, on a street, or in a garden. So when someone asks “Have you ever fallen on the ground and hurt yourself?” they are asking about whether you have ever fallen on the surface outside.

76

mate = verb = tener sexo para los animales

How do animals behave in the mating season?

Do you know any animals that mate for life?

vs.

mate = noun = amig@

Who is your best mate/buddy/friend?

vs. 

workmate/colleague = compi de trabajo  

What are some qualities of a good workmate/colleague?

vs. 

classmate = compi de clase

How many classmates did you have in your last class at school?

The word “mate” can have different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. As a verb, “mate” means to have sexual intercourse, which is mostly used to refer to animals in their mating season. As an example, one could ask how animals behave during their mating season or if they know any animals that mate for life.

As a noun, “mate” refers to a friend or companion, someone with whom you share a close relationship. It is often used as a slang term to refer to a best friend, buddy or a close friend. For instance, someone might ask who your best mate or friend is.

“Workmate” or “colleague” refers to a person you work with or someone who shares the same occupation as you. A good workmate/colleague is someone who is dependable, reliable, and has a positive attitude.

“Classmate” refers to a person who is in the same class as you, someone who shares the same school schedule. One could ask how many classmates they had in their last class at school.

It is important to understand the context in which the word “mate” is being used in order to use it properly and avoid any misunderstandings.

77

unfair/unjust = injusto

What kind of punishment is unfair/unjust when talking about crime?

What kind of behaviour is unfair/unjust when talking about relationships?

Unfair and unjust are synonyms that describe something that is not fair or just, meaning that it is not based on equality, impartiality or reasonableness.

78

betrayal = Traicion

Give some examples of betrayal. How should you deal with betrayal?

vs.

traitors = Traidores

What happens to traitors in the army?

The words “betrayal” and “traitors” both relate to the act of being disloyal or treacherous towards someone or something. However, “betrayal” is a noun that refers to the act itself, while “traitors” is a plural noun that refers to the people who commit the act of betrayal.

Examples of betrayal can include things like cheating on a partner, breaking a promise, or revealing confidential information. When someone betrays you, it can be a very painful and difficult experience. Dealing with betrayal can involve confronting the person who betrayed you, seeking support from friends and family, and taking steps to rebuild trust and move forward.

On the other hand, traitors are people who betray their country, group, or cause. In the army, traitors are usually punished severely for their actions, as their betrayal can have serious consequences for the safety and well-being of others. Punishments for traitors can include imprisonment, execution, or other forms of punishment deemed appropriate by the military justice system.

In summary, while both “betrayal” and “traitors” relate to acts of disloyalty, “betrayal” is a noun that refers to the act itself, while “traitors” is a plural noun that refers to the people who commit the act. The consequences and methods of dealing with betrayal and traitors can also differ significantly depending on the context in which they occur.

79

farm = cultivar

Do they farm fish/potatoes in your area?

vs. 

farming = agricultura

What do you think of fish/potato farming as a business?

The word “farm” can be used as a verb to refer to the act of cultivating or growing crops, animals or other agricultural products. For example, “They farm potatoes in their land.” In this context, “farm” is used as a synonym for “cultivate”. On the other hand, “farming” refers to the activity or industry of agriculture, including the raising of crops and livestock. For instance, “Farming is the main industry in this region.” Here, “farming” is used to describe the broader

80

listen to = pay attention to /hacer caso

How can you train a dog to listen to you?

Did you listen to your teachers in class when they told you to do something? Obey

vs. 

listen to = escuchar

How often do you listen to music?

In Spanish, “listen to” can have different translations depending on the context.

When “listen to” means “pay attention to”, it can be translated as “prestar atención” or “hacer caso”. For example, “How can you train a dog to listen to you?” can be translated as “¿Cómo puedes entrenar a un perro para que te haga caso?” or “¿Cómo puedes entrenar a un perro para que te preste atención?” Similarly, “Did you listen to your teachers in class when they told you to do something?” can be translated as “¿Le hiciste caso a tus profesores en clase cuando te dijeron que hicieras algo?” or “¿Prestaste atención a tus profesores en clase cuando te dijeron que hicieras algo?”.

On the other hand, when “listen to” means simply “hear” or “listen”, it can be translated as “escuchar”. For example, “How often do you listen to music?” can be translated as “¿Con qué frecuencia escuchas música?”.

It’s important to pay attention to the context and meaning of the phrase in order to use the appropriate translation.

81

reward = premio material

Why should we get the balance right between reward and punishment when raising kids?

vs.

award = premio de reconocimiento

Do you watch the Oscar awards?

The words “reward” and “award” are similar in that they both refer to some sort of recognition or prize. However, there is a slight difference in how they are used.

“Reward” generally refers to a material or tangible prize given in exchange for good behavior, hard work, or achievement. It is often used in the context of incentives, such as employee rewards, loyalty programs, or bonuses. When it comes to raising children, rewards can be used to encourage good behavior and motivate them to work towards their goals.

“Award,” on the other hand, refers to a recognition or honor bestowed upon someone for their achievements or contributions. This can be in the form of a trophy, medal, certificate, or any other type of symbol of recognition. Awards are often given in fields such as sports, arts, sciences, and other areas of achievement. They are intended to recognize excellence and provide a sense of accomplishment and pride.

So while both words refer to some sort of recognition or prize, “reward” is more focused on material incentives, while “award” is focused on recognition and honor.

82

meaning = sentido/significado

What is the meaning of life?

What does meaning mean in Spanish?

vs. 

point = sentido

What’s the point of having a routine?

vs.

significance = importancia

What is the significance of family in your life?

vs.

sense = sentido/esencia

Do you see sense in the current social media trends?

vs.

feeling = sentimiento

Why should we be sensitive towards other people’s feelings?

The words “meaning,” “point,” “significance,” “sense,” and “feeling” are all related to conveying a sense or understanding of something, but they have slightly different connotations.

“Meaning” refers to the significance or sense of something that can be understood or interpreted by someone. It can refer to the underlying purpose, significance, or essence of something.

“Point” refers to the reason or purpose of something, and whether it has value or significance.

“Significance” refers to the importance or value of something, and how it relates to other things or to a larger context.

“Sense” refers to the basic or essential nature of something, or to a perception or understanding that someone has of something.

“Feeling” refers to an emotional response or reaction to something, often related to empathy or sympathy towards someone else.

When using these words, it’s important to consider the appropriate context and meaning intended.

83

etiquettes/manners = modales

Please, give examples of good etiquette/manners?

vs. 

label-= etiqueta

Why does society put labels on other people?

The terms “etiquette” and “manners” both refer to a set of socially acceptable behaviors and customs, while “modales” is the Spanish word for “manners.” These terms all relate to the way we interact with others in a polite and respectful way.

The term “etiqueta” in Spanish refers to a label or tag. However, in the context of society, labeling often refers to categorizing or identifying people based on certain characteristics, such as their race, gender, sexuality, or socioeconomic status. This practice can lead to stereotyping, discrimination, and prejudice, and is generally considered harmful and unfair.

84

childish = Silly/immature

What are some examples of childish behaviour?

vs.

 childlike = Innocent

What are some examples of someone being childlike?

Why do some childlike high school kids who get treated badly later become childish and rude to others?

The terms “childish” and “childlike” have similar roots but are used in different ways.

“Childish” is often used to describe behavior that is immature, irresponsible, or not appropriate for someone’s age. It implies that the person is acting in a way that is not considered adult-like, and may be seen as foolish or silly. “Silly” and “immature” are both good synonyms for “childish.”

Examples of childish behavior include throwing temper tantrums, refusing to take responsibility for one’s actions, pouting or sulking when things don’t go one’s way, and engaging in name-calling or other forms of bullying.

On the other hand, “childlike” refers to qualities or behaviors that are reminiscent of a child’s innocence, wonder, and joy. It is often used in a positive context, to describe someone who is playful, imaginative, and open-minded.

Examples of someone being childlike might include having a sense of wonder and curiosity about the world, being creative and imaginative in their play and work, finding joy in simple pleasures like playing outside or reading a book, and having a sense of innocence and trust in others.

It’s important to note that while “childish” and “childlike” have different connotations, they are both related to qualities associated with childhood. The key difference is that “childish” tends to have negative connotations, while “childlike” is more positive.

85

Care

look after/take care of = Cuidar

Why is it essential to look after the environment?

Why is it essential to take care of the environment?

vs.

take care/be careful = Tener cuidado con

Why should you take care when moving delicate items?

Why should you be careful when moving delicate stuff?

Where can you find the sign that says “Be careful of the dog”? Is this an external threat? 

vs. 

Why should you be careful with dangerous and harmful products when you are handling them? Is this with the use of something? Con el uso

vs. 

Why do most people care about the environment but not take care of it? Feeling vs action

The word “care” has different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. Here are some explanations for the different uses of “care” in your questions:

“Look after/take care of” – “Cuidar” in Spanish

This usage of care implies taking responsibility for something or someone, protecting or preserving it, and ensuring its well-being.

It is essential to look after/take care of the environment because we rely on it for our survival and well-being. The environment provides us with clean air, water, and food, and it also regulates the climate and supports biodiversity. Failing to take care of the environment can lead to serious consequences, such as pollution, climate change, and loss of biodiversity, which can negatively impact human health and the planet as a whole.

When moving delicate items, it is important to take care/be careful to avoid damaging them. This requires being cautious, gentle, and precise in handling the items, and taking steps to prevent accidents and mishaps.

The sign that says “Be careful of the dog” can be found on a fence or gate of a property that has a dog inside. It is a warning to visitors or passersby to be cautious and avoid entering the property, as the dog may pose a threat if provoked or if it perceives a threat.

“Take care/be careful” – “Tener cuidado con” in Spanish

This usage of care implies being cautious, attentive, and avoiding risks or harm.

When handling dangerous and harmful products, it is important to be careful to avoid accidents or exposure that can cause harm to oneself or others. This may involve wearing protective gear, following safety procedures, and handling the products in a responsible manner.

Many people may care about the environment but not take care of it because they may feel overwhelmed or unsure about what actions they can take to make a difference. Additionally, there may be economic or political barriers that prevent individuals and communities from taking action to protect the environment. However, it is important to recognize that caring about the environment must be accompanied by action to make a positive impact.

86

important = imortante (de relevancia) = an important process

What is the most important thing that you have to do this week?

vs.

Serious = importante (de gravedad)= serious illnesses

Mention some serious problems that a family/business can face.

The word “importante” in Spanish can be translated into English in different ways depending on the context in which it is used. Here are some examples:

“Importante” (de relevancia) = “important”

This translation refers to something that is significant or relevant, and that requires attention or priority. An example sentence is “What is the most important thing that you have to do this week?” which implies that there is a task or activity that is essential and cannot be ignored or postponed. Another example is “an important process”, which refers to a procedure or activity that is critical or necessary for achieving a particular goal or outcome.

“Importante” (de gravedad) = “serious”

This translation refers to something that is of a dangerous or harmful nature, and that can have severe consequences. An example sentence is “serious illnesses”, which implies that the illnesses are of a severe nature and can pose a threat to a person’s health or life. Another example is “serious problems”, which refers to issues that can have significant consequences for the survival and well-being of a family or business.

In summary, “importante” can be translated into English as “important” when referring to something of great relevance or significance, and as “serious” when referring to something of a dangerous or harmful nature that can have severe consequences. 

87

be full of = lleno de

Is your city full of nice restaurants? Lleno de:

vs. 

be plenty of = monton de

Are there plenty of nice restaurants in your city? Monton de

The phrase “be full of” can be used with both pronouns and nouns, while the phrase “be plenty of” is usually used with the “there is” or “there are” constructions.

For example, when using “be full of”, we can say “the room is full of people” or “she is full of energy”. In the question “Is your city full of nice restaurants?”, “your city” is a noun, while “nice restaurants” is a noun phrase.

On the other hand, “be plenty of” is often used with “there is” or “there are” to indicate the presence of a large quantity of something. For example, “there are plenty of opportunities for growth in this company” or “there is plenty of time to finish the project”. In the question “Are there plenty of nice restaurants in your city?”, “there are” is used to indicate the presence of many nice restaurants in the city.

In summary, “be full of” can be used with both pronouns and nouns, while “be plenty of” is usually used with “there is” or “there are” to describe a large quantity of something.

88

follow = seguir

Do you follow any celebrities on social media?

vs.

follow up = hacer seguimiento

Why is it essential to follow up on the progress of your patients as a doctor? Hacer seguimiento

The words “follow” and “follow up” have different meanings and usage, as follows:

“Follow” – “Seguir” in Spanish

This word is used to describe the act of tracking, monitoring or observing someone or something, often on social media or in real life. For example, “Do you follow any celebrities on social media?” implies that the person is interested in keeping track of the celebrities’ updates or activities. “Seguir” can be translated to “follow” in English.

“Follow up” – “Hacer seguimiento” in Spanish

This phrase is used to describe the act of checking on or monitoring the progress of someone or something, often after an initial interaction or event. For example, “Why is it essential to follow up on the progress of your patients as a doctor?” implies that it is important for a doctor to monitor their patients’ health status after an initial diagnosis or treatment. “Hacer seguimiento” can be translated to “follow up” or “monitor” in English.

In summary, “follow” is used to describe the act of tracking or monitoring someone or something, while “follow up” is used to describe the act of checking on or monitoring the progress of someone or something, often after an initial interaction or event.

89

Mood = mood is your feeling = estado de humor

What kinds of thing can put you in a good mood? And vice a versa.

vs. 

Humor = humour is everything funny = algo gracioso, de risas

Do you know anyone who has used their sense of humour as a key to open doors? What makes them funny?

The words “mood” and “humor” have different meanings and usage, as follows:

“Mood” – “Estado de ánimo” in Spanish

This word is used to describe a person’s emotional state or feeling at a particular moment. It can be influenced by a variety of factors, such as the environment, events, or personal circumstances. For example, “What kinds of things can put you in a good mood?” implies that the person is asking about things that can make the individual feel happy or positive. Conversely, “vice versa” implies the opposite, asking about things that can put the person in a bad mood.

“Humor” – “Humor” in Spanish

This word is used to describe something that is funny or amusing, often associated with jokes or laughter. For example, “Do you know anyone who used their sense of humor as a key to open doors?” implies that the person is asking about someone who uses their sense of humor to gain social or professional advantages. “What makes them funny?” implies that the person is asking about the characteristics or qualities that make the individual humorous.

In summary, “mood” is used to describe a person’s emotional state or feeling at a particular moment, while “humor” is used to describe something that is funny or amusing, often associated with jokes or laughter.

90

must/have to = obligation to do something

What are some things that you must/have to do daily?

vs. 

mustn’t = obligation not to do something = prohibition

What are some things you mustn’t do at work?

vs. 

don’t have to = no obligation/Freedom/choice

What are some tasks you don’t have to do at home?

The words “must/have to”, “mustn’t”, and “don’t have to” have different meanings and usage, as follows:

“Must/have to” – “tener que” in Spanish

These words are used to express an obligation to do something. For example, “What are some things that you must/have to do daily?” implies that the person is asking about the tasks or actions that are necessary or required to be done on a daily basis.

“Mustn’t” – “no deber” in Spanish

This word is used to express a prohibition or an obligation not to do something. For example, “What are some things you mustn’t do at work?” implies that the person is asking about the behaviors or actions that are not allowed or forbidden at work.

“Don’t have to” – “no hace falta pero si quieres puedes” in Spanish

This phrase is used to express freedom or choice. It indicates that something is not required or necessary to be done. For example, “What are some tasks you don’t have to do at home?” implies that the person is asking about the tasks or actions that are optional or not necessary to be done at home.

In summary, “must/have to” expresses an obligation to do something, “mustn’t” expresses a prohibition or an obligation not to do something, and “don’t have to” expresses freedom or choice, indicating that something is not required or necessary to be done.

91

the middle ages = la edad media

How was your country different from the countries in the middle east in the middle ages?

vs. 

someone’s middle age = la edad ente 40 y 55

Why did most people die in their middle age in the middle ages?

The difference between “the middle ages” and “someone’s middle age” is that they refer to two different things:

“The middle ages” – “la edad media” in Spanish

It refers to a period in European history between the 5th and 15th centuries, characterized by the decline of the Roman Empire, the rise of Christianity, and the emergence of feudalism. This period is also known as the medieval period.

“Someone’s middle age” – “la edad entre 40 y 55” in Spanish

It refers to a stage in a person’s life between youth and old age, usually between the ages of 40 and 55, when people may have achieved some level of stability in their personal and professional lives.

In summary, “the middle ages” refers to a historical period in Europe, while “someone’s middle age” refers to a stage in a person’s life between youth and old age.

92

rug = alfombra

What colour rug would you put in your bedroom between your bed and the inbuilt wardrobe?

vs.

carpet = moqueta

Why don’t most homes have carpets here as they do in the UK?

The main difference between “rug” and “carpet” is their size and installation. A rug is a smaller piece of carpet that is typically used to cover a specific area of the floor, while a carpet is a larger piece of flooring that covers an entire room. Carpets are usually installed wall-to-wall and are fixed to the floor, while rugs are not fixed and can be easily moved from one place to another.

93

auto = self

Why is self confidence important in life?

Why is a positive and constructive self-dialogue necessary?

How can you teach someone the importance of self-respect/self-control?

In Spanish, the word “auto” means “self” or “oneself”, and it is often used in compound words such as “autoconfianza” (self-confidence) or “autodominio” (self-control).

94

spine = columna de espalda

What can you do to keep your spine safe?

vs.

fish bones = espinas

Which fish has the least amount of bones?

The false friends “spine” and “espinas” have similar spellings and pronunciation, but they have very different meanings. “Spine” refers to the column of bones that make up the backbone of humans and animals. It is used in the context of anatomy and health. On the other hand, “fish bones” or “espinas” are the bony structures that are found in fish and can be swallowed accidentally. It is used in the context of food and cooking. Therefore, while “spine” is related to the human body and health, “fish bones” are related to food preparation and consumption.

95 

plug = attached to the device 

What is the difference between the plugs in your country and the ones in England?

vs.

socket = in the wall

How many sockets do you have in your living room?

The word “plug” typically refers to the part of a device or appliance that is attached to an electrical outlet or socket, while the word “socket” refers to the opening in the wall where the plug is inserted to provide power.

For example, a phone charger has a plug that is inserted into a socket on the wall to charge the phone. The plug is the part that is attached to the charger and is inserted into the socket. The socket, on the other hand, is the opening in the wall where the plug is inserted.

When discussing the differences between plugs in different countries, the focus would be on the physical differences in the plug itself, such as the shape of the prongs or the voltage it is designed for. When discussing sockets, the focus would be on the number and location of the sockets in the wall.

96

 Explain

explicame algo = incorrect = this cannot be translated into English in this word order.

explica algo a me – explica a mi algo = correct = this is the correct Word order in English.

Bad Spanish is good English. Good Spanish is bad English.

Can you explain how to use this structure to me?

Who explains things about life to you when you need it? 

The verb “explain” in English requires a specific word order when it comes to the placement of objects. In English, the correct order is to have the direct object come immediately after the verb and before the indirect object, if there is one. So, the correct structure would be “explain something to someone” or “explain to someone something.”

For example, “Explain to me how to use this structure” is the correct word order in English.

In Spanish, the incorrect word order would be “Explicame algo,” which directly translates to “Explain me something.” The correct order would be “Explica algo a mi” or “Explica a mi algo,” where the direct object comes after the verb and before the indirect object, if there is one.

As for the questions, “Can you explain how to use this structure to me?” is the correct word order in English, while “Who explains things about life to you when you need it?” is a grammatically correct sentence in English.

97

la forma de ser = the nature (with the article)

Where do you stand on the nature vs. nurture debate?

vs.

 la naturaleza = nature (without the article)

Where can you go to enjoy nature in your area?

What is the nature of a successful entrepreneur/company? La forma de ser

vs. 

How can you educate people to treat nature better? La naturaleza

In Spanish, the definite article “la” is used with “la forma de ser” to refer to the nature or inherent qualities of a person or thing. On the other hand, “la naturaleza” is used without the definite article to refer to the natural world, environment or the physical universe.

In the first set of examples, “the nature vs. nurture debate” is translated as “el debate de la naturaleza frente a la crianza” in Spanish, where “naturaleza” does not take the definite article because it refers to the abstract concept of nature. However, “la forma de ser” is used to translate “nature” in the phrase “the nature of a successful entrepreneur/company”, which refers to the inherent qualities or character traits that contribute to success.

In the second set of examples, “nature” is used to refer to the natural world or environment, which is translated as “la naturaleza” in Spanish without the definite article. For instance, “Where can you go to enjoy nature in your area?” can be translated as “¿Dónde puedes ir para disfrutar de la naturaleza en tu área?”

In contrast, “How can you educate people to treat nature better?” uses “la naturaleza” to refer to the physical world or environment.

98

Adelantar

You can do your work in advance and then have the option to bring forward your holidays because you have finished your work.

Do in advance = con antelacion  

Why do some service providers ask to be paid in advance?

vs. 

Bring forward = cambiar la fecha para una anterior

Should you be allowed to bring forward your holidays if you are up to date with your work?

“Adelantar” can have multiple meanings in Spanish, including “to do in advance” and “to bring forward.”

When “adelantar” is used to mean “do in advance” it can be translated to “con antelación” in Spanish. For example, “puedes adelantar tu trabajo para tener la opción de tomar vacaciones” could be translated to “you can do your work in advance and then have the option to take holidays.”

When “adelantar” is used to mean “bring forward” it can be translated to “cambiar la fecha para una anterior” in Spanish. For example, “deberías tener permitido adelantar tus vacaciones si estás al día con tu trabajo” could be translated to “should you be allowed to bring forward your holidays if you are up to date with your work?”

So, depending on the context, “adelantar” can have different meanings and translations in English.

99

I saw him leave. = You saw the whole action

vs.

I saw him leaving. = You saw a part of the action

In a court of law, who would be considered a more reliable witness: the one who saw something happen or the one who saw something happening? Why?

The difference between “I saw him leave” and “I saw him leaving” is the aspect of the action that is being described. “I saw him leave” implies that you witnessed the entire action of him leaving, from start to finish. On the other hand, “I saw him leaving” implies that you saw only a part of the action, likely as it was in progress.

For example, if you say “I saw him leave” it means you saw him walk out the door completely, while if you say “I saw him leaving” it means you saw him in the act of leaving, but may not have seen the moment he was completely out of sight.

This difference in verb tense and aspect is important in conveying a specific level of detail and completion of an action.

100

company – firm = empresa

Can we use the word ENTERPRISE to refer to an EMPRESA in normal conversation?

Do we need to use the word COMPANY instead?

Is the word Firm a synonym of the word Company?

What is the biggest company in your region?

What are some common issues faced by a company?

vs.

company = la compañía 

Who gives you the best company in your family and friends?

Why should we avoid bad company?

vs. 

company = invitados – la visita

How often do you have company at your house?

The words “company” and “firm” can both be translated to “empresa” in Spanish, and they generally refer to a business organization. “Firm” is a less common synonym of “company” and usually implies a smaller or more specialized business, such as a law firm or accounting firm.

“Enterprise” can also be translated to “empresa” in Spanish, but it generally refers to a larger and more complex organization that may have multiple divisions or subsidiaries. In normal conversation, “company” or “empresa” is more commonly used than “enterprise.”

“Company” is also used to refer to the people who accompany someone like companions or visit someone’s house, like “guests” or “visitors.”