1

Puente

London Bridge – Tower Bridge

What’s the most impressive bridge that you have ever crossed?

vs.

A long weekend

A three day weekend

Bank holiday Monday

A four day weekend

What did you do during the last long weekend/the last bank holiday weekend?

In Spanish, “puente” has two different meanings. The first one is as a physical structure, just like in English, a structure that spans across a body of water or any other obstacle, connecting two points. The second meaning of “puente” in Spanish is as a holiday weekend or a long weekend. In this sense, “puente” refers to a specific holiday or a day off that is sandwiched between two workdays, resulting in a long weekend.

In comparison, in English, we simply use the term “long weekend” or “bank holiday weekend” to describe such an extended holiday period. For example, we might ask, “What did you do during the last long weekend or bank holiday weekend?” In this case, we are not talking about a physical structure, but rather a time period when people have extra time off from work to enjoy various activities.

In conclusion, while the word “bridge” and its Spanish translation “puente” share the same meaning as a physical structure that connects two points, the word “puente” in Spanish also has a unique second meaning, which is as a holiday weekend or a long weekend. This is an important distinction to understand for Spanish speakers who are learning English or for English speakers who are learning Spanish, as the word “puente” can have two different usages. Whether it is crossing a bridge or enjoying a long weekend, both meanings of “puente” can bring a sense of wonder and excitement.

2

Not + at all vs. not + completely

I can’t eat ANYTHING = no puedo comer nada

Refers to the object of the verb

vs.

I can’t EAT at all = no puedo comer nada de nada

I can’t SPEAK Chinese at all = no se hablar chino nada de nada

Refers to the action

Talk about something you can’t do at all. 0%

vs.

Talk about something you don’t understand completely. a little yes and a little no

When learning a new language, it’s common to encounter words and phrases that may seem similar but have different meanings. One example of this is the difference between “not at all” and “not completely.” While both phrases have a negative connotation, they refer to different aspects of the sentence.

“Not at all” is used to emphasize the absence of something, whether it’s an object or an action. For example, if someone says “I can’t eat anything,” it means they cannot consume any type of food. On the other hand, if they say “I can’t eat at all,” it means they are unable to eat anything, emphasizing the action of consuming food.

Similarly, if someone says “I can’t speak Chinese at all,” it means they cannot communicate in the language whatsoever. This emphasizes the action of speaking rather than the language itself.

In contrast, “not completely” refers to a partial understanding of something. For example, if someone says “I don’t understand the concept completely,” it means they have some understanding of it but not a full comprehension. This phrase is often used to indicate that there is still room for improvement in one’s understanding.

It’s important to understand the difference between these phrases as they can be easily confused. For instance, someone may say “I don’t understand the language at all” when they actually mean “I don’t understand the language completely.” This can lead to misunderstandings and confusion.

In conclusion, “not at all” and “not completely” may seem similar, but they refer to different aspects of a sentence. “Not at all” emphasizes the absence of something, while “not completely” indicates a partial understanding. By understanding these nuances, learners can communicate more effectively and avoid misunderstandings.

3

Talking about the quality of your performance in something

Ser bueno en/Ser malo en algo

En = at = used for performance

 in – on = not used

What are you good at?  <—–We are talking about performance

What are you bad at?  <—–We are talking about performance

The adjectives can change but not the preposition AT.

Do we use At for performance instead of In and On?                                               

Can we use IN or ON in this case?

When talking about the quality of your performance in doing something, it is important to use the preposition “at” to indicate the specific area or skill in which you excel or struggle. For example, we say “What are you good at?” or “What are you bad at?” to inquire about someone’s performance in a particular area.

It’s important to note that “at” is used specifically for performance, while “in” and “on” are not typically used in this context. Using “in” or “on” would not convey the same meaning or specificity as “at.”

While the adjectives used to describe one’s performance can vary, the preposition “at” remains constant. For instance, one could say “I am good at playing soccer” or “I am bad at math,” but the use of “at” is crucial to convey the specific area of performance being discussed.

In conclusion, when discussing the quality of your performance in something, it is important to use the preposition “at” to indicate the specific area or skill in which you excel or struggle. The use of “in” or “on” in this context would not be appropriate and could lead to confusion.

4

Ayudas = Help vs. Grant vs. benefits vs. scholarship vs. Aid

vs. 

ganancias/beneficios = Profits

The government’s job is to give help to the public to make life easier for their people using policies and resources. They give grants to businesses and academic institutions. Really good students receive scholarships or grants from the educational institutions that have received grants from the government. They also give housing benefit, unemployment benefit and disability benefit to people who are having financial difficulties. Aid is given by countries to other nations in need. People and businesses make a profit doing business by making extra money over the costs they have to pay.  

Is help a general word meaning support not necessarily money?

vs. 

Who receives grants?
Who receives benefits?
Who receives scholarships?

Who receives aid?

vs. 

Who makes a profit?

The word ayuda in Spanish can have multiple translations into English, depending on the context in which it is used. One of the most common translations is “help,” which refers to any type of assistance or support that is provided to someone. For example, when we say “necesito tu ayuda” in Spanish, we can translate it to “I need your help” in English.

However, ayuda can also be translated to “grant” in English. Grants are financial awards given by governments, institutions, or organizations to individuals or groups for a specific purpose. For instance, the government may give grants to businesses or academic institutions to fund their projects or research.

Another translation for ayuda is “benefits.” Benefits are monetary or non-monetary assistance provided by the government or other organizations to individuals or families in need. For example, housing benefits, unemployment benefits, and disability benefits are all types of ayuda that people may receive if they are experiencing financial difficulties.

The word ayuda can also refer to “scholarship” in English. Scholarships are financial awards given to students to support their education. For example, a university may offer a scholarship to a student based on their academic performance or financial need.

Finally, ayuda can be translated to “aid” in English. Aid refers to the assistance provided by one country to another country in need. For example, after a natural disaster, countries may provide aid to the affected nation to help them recover.

On the other hand, the Spanish words ganancias or beneficios are commonly translated to “profits” in English. These words refer to the financial gains made by individuals or businesses after deducting their expenses or costs. For example, when a company makes more money from selling its products or services than it spent on producing them, it has made a profit.

In conclusion, while the word ayuda in Spanish may be translated to “help,” “grant,” “benefits,” “scholarship,” or “aid” in English, the words ganancias or beneficios are typically translated to “profits.” It is essential to understand the context in which these words are used to ensure accurate translation.

5

Every time = cada vez

Many times = veces = MANY goes with countable nouns, and the countable meaning of Time/Times is vez/veces

How many times a week do you go to the gym?

vs.

all the time = todo el rato 

Much time/a lot of time =. Tiempo = MUCH/A LOT OF go with uncountable nouns, and the uncountable meaning of TIME is tiempo

How much time do you spend in the gym when you go there to train?

The English language can be tricky, and one small change can alter the entire context of a sentence. The use of “many times” versus “much time” is an excellent example of this concept.

“Many times” typically refers to frequency and goes with countable nouns. The countable meaning of “time/times” is “vez/veces” in Spanish. For instance, “Every time” means “cada vez” and refers to the number of occurrences of an event.

On the other hand, “much time/a lot of time” means “mucho tiempo” and refers to the amount of time spent on something. This phrase goes with uncountable nouns, and the uncountable meaning of “time” is “tiempo.” For example, “all the time” means “todo el tiempo” and refers to the entire duration of an event.

When asking about gym habits, “How many times a week do you go to the gym?” refers to the number of visits. However, “How much time do you spend in the gym when you go there to train?” refers to the duration of the training session.

In conclusion, the single “s” in “times” changes the meaning of the word and affects the context of the sentence. Therefore, it’s essential to understand the difference between countable and uncountable nouns when using “many times” versus “much time.”

6

Familiar = only me suena (no tiene nada que ver con la familia o de adn de una persona) = This place looks familiar. Perhaps, you have been there before or seen it on TV. That person there looks familiar. Maybe, you have seen him/her before. They are not a member of your family.

When was the last time you went to a place and thought that the place looked familiar?

On holiday, if someone’s face looked familiar, would you talk to them to clear things up?
vs.
Family = familiar de familia = It’s a family business – We have a family problem – They invited me to a family dinner – John is a family member of mine.

What are some common family problems?

How many members of your family work in the health sector?

What are the pros and cons of a family business?

How do you say ‘Juan es familiar mio’ in English?

The words “familiar” in English and Spanish may look and sound alike, but they have different meanings. In English, “familiar” means something that is recognized or known, but it does not necessarily have anything to do with family or DNA. For example, you might say that a place looks familiar because you have seen it before or that a person looks familiar because you may have seen them before, but they are not a member of your family.

On the other hand, in Spanish, “familiar” refers to something that is related to family or the DNA of a person. For example, you might say that someone is a family member or that you have a family problem.

It’s important to note that the distinction between the two meanings of “familiar” can be crucial, especially when communicating with people who speak different languages. For instance, if you say “Juan es familiar mío” in Spanish, it means that Juan is related to you, like a cousin or an uncle. However, if you translate it directly into English as “Juan is familiar of mine,” it can be confusing or even misleading, as the word “familiar” in English does not convey the same meaning as it does in Spanish.

Furthermore, when talking about family-related issues or topics, it’s crucial to use the word “family” instead of “familiar” in English. For example, you might talk about a family business or a family dinner.

In conclusion, while “familiar” in English and Spanish may share some similarities, they have distinct meanings. In English, it refers to something that is known or recognized, while in Spanish, it also refers to something that is related to family or DNA. When communicating with people from different cultures, it’s important to be aware of these differences to avoid confusion and misunderstandings.

7

No (me) importa

1: It doesn’t matter = Don’t worry; it doesn’t have any importance = it is not the end of the world. Things will get better soon.
2: I don’t mind = I give permission/no me molesta = it can happen without bothering me
3: I don’t care = no feelings or bad feelings = I don’t give a ####

If a friend loses a job and you want to motivate them, which option would you use?
If someone asks you for a chair you are not using in a bar, which option would you use?
What do rebellious kids tell their parents about things they don’t like?

The phrase “no (me) importa” is a common expression in Spanish that can be translated in different ways depending on the context and tone of the conversation. Here are three different interpretations of this phrase:

It doesn’t matter: This translation is used to convey reassurance and support when someone is upset or anxious about something. For example, if a friend loses their job and is worried about the future, you could say “No importa, las cosas mejorarán pronto” (Don’t worry, things will get better soon). This translation implies that the situation is not a big deal and that things will work out in the end.

I don’t mind: This translation is used to give permission or express that something does not bother you. For example, if someone asks to borrow a chair you are not using in a bar, you could say “No me importa, adelante” (I don’t mind, go ahead). This translation implies that you are okay with the request and that it does not affect you negatively.

I don’t care: This translation is used to convey indifference or even disdain for something. For example, if rebellious kids are asked by their parents to do something they don’t like, they might say “No me importa” (I don’t care) to express their defiance or rebellion. This translation implies that you have no emotional attachment or investment in the situation and that it does not matter to you.

Overall, the phrase “no (me) importa” can have different meanings and connotations depending on the context and tone of the conversation. It is important to understand these nuances in order to use the phrase appropriately and effectively in different situations.

What are three different translations of the phrase “no (me) importa” in Spanish?

When might you use the translation “It doesn’t matter”?

When might you use the translation “I don’t mind”?

When might you use the translation “I don’t care”?

How does the context and tone of the conversation affect the meaning of “no (me) importa”?

8

Pareja

A couple = 2 people (unidad de pareja)
What are the difficulties that a couple can face when starting a family?
vs.

A partner = 1 person (cada uno de ellos)
Partner = a few different meanings

(1) Pareja en una relación romantica

What would you do if your partner asked you to move abroad with him/her?

(2) socio en un negocio

Would you ever have a business partner if you owned a business or would you go solo?

(3) pareja en una actividad
How can you help your partner feel more confident in a speaking exam?

Is it correct to say “I am talking to my couple?”

The Spanish word “pareja” can have different translations in English, depending on the context in which it is used. Let’s explore some of these translations and how they differ from one another.

Firstly, “pareja” can be translated as “a couple,” which refers to two people who are in a romantic relationship or partnership. For example, “What are the difficulties that a couple can face when starting a family?” This translation emphasizes the idea of two people as a unit, sharing a romantic bond.

On the other hand, “pareja” can also be translated as “partner,” which refers to an individual in a relationship or partnership. However, this translation can also refer to a business partner or a partner in an activity. For example, “What would you do if your partner asked you to move abroad with him/her?” Here, “partner” refers to the person’s significant other. However, “partner” can also refer to a business partner or partner in an activity, such as “Would you ever have a business partner if you owned a business or would you go solo?” or “How can you help your partner feel more confident in a speaking exam?” This translation emphasizes the individuality of the person and their role in a partnership or group.

It’s worth noting that using “couple” or “partner” can have different connotations and implications, depending on the context. For example, “couple” can imply a romantic relationship, whereas “partner” can imply a more business-like or platonic relationship. Therefore, it’s important to use the appropriate translation depending on the situation.

Finally, it’s important to note that “pareja” is a singular noun in Spanish, meaning “a couple” or “a partner.” Therefore, it would not be correct to say “I am talking to my couple.” Instead, you could say “I am talking to my partner” or “I am talking to my significant other” if you are referring to your romantic partner. If you are referring to a business partner or partner in an activity, you could say “I am talking to my business partner” or “I am talking to my activity partner.”

9

Probar vs. Aprobar

Try: Experiences/food: Have you tried playing tennis? Have you ever tried Indian food?  
Try on: Clothes: Do you try on clothes before you buy them?
Try out: Systems/some products/experiences: How many different methods have you tried out for learning English?
Test (verb): Theories/systems: Why should we test theories before we take them seriously?

Test (noun): during medical check up/academic: When was the last time you had some tests done at the hospital?
Prove: Give evidence: How can you prove your identity?

vs. 
Approve: Give permission: Would your parents approve of your going to study/work abroad?

Pass: Do well in a test. What should you do to pass an exam?

Try to do something = Effort

When was the last time you tried to do something in the best way possible but it didn’t work?

vs. 

Try doing something = Experiment

When was the last time something wasn’t working and you tried doing something and it worked?

Probar is a versatile Spanish verb that can be translated into English in different ways depending on the context. Here are some of the most common translations:

Try: When probar is used to refer to trying something for the first time, such as food, activities, or experiences, it can be translated as “try”. For example, “¿Has probado la paella?” would be “Have you tried paella?” in English. Similarly, “¿Quieres probar a hacer surf?” would be “Do you want to try surfing?”

Try on: When probar is used in the context of trying on clothes, it can be translated as “try on”. For example, “Voy a probarme esta camisa” would be “I’m going to try on this shirt”.

Try out: When probar is used to refer to experimenting with different methods, products, or experiences, it can be translated as “try out”. For example, “Estoy probando diferentes métodos para aprender inglés” would be “I’m trying out different methods to learn English”.

Test (verb): When probar is used to refer to testing theories or systems, it can be translated as “test”. For example, “Debemos probar la teoría antes de aceptarla” would be “We should test the theory before accepting it”.

Prove: When probar is used to refer to giving evidence or proof, it can be translated as “prove”. For example, “¿Cómo puedes probar tu identidad?” would be “How can you prove your identity?”

When using the expression “try to do something”, probar can be translated as “effort”. For example, “Intenté probar hacer un pastel, pero no me salió bien” would be “I tried to make a cake, but it didn’t turn out well.” On the other hand, when using “try doing something”, probar can be translated as “experiment”. For example, “El reproductor no funcionaba, así que probé a apagarlo y encenderlo” would be “The player wasn’t working, so I tried turning it off and on”.

In summary, probar can be translated into English in various ways, depending on the context in which it is used. It can mean “try”, “try on”, “try out”, “test”, “prove”, “effort”, or “experiment”. It’s important to pay attention to the context in order to choose the most appropriate translation.

10

autonomo

What is a pro and a con of being self-employed/a self employed person?

What are the pros and cons of being self-employed/a self employed person?

vs.

What skills should an employer have to get the best out of their employees?

What kind of an employer would you make if you were a self employed person who had lots of employees?

The Spanish word “autónomo” has a few different translations in English, depending on the context. It can refer to someone who is self-employed, works as a freelancer, or is an independent contractor. Let’s explore the different ways “autónomo” can be translated in English.

Self-employed:

One of the most common translations of “autónomo” in English is “self-employed.” It refers to someone who works for themselves and is not employed by a company. Being self-employed has its pros and cons. On one hand, it allows for more freedom and flexibility in terms of scheduling and decision-making. On the other hand, it also means taking on all the responsibilities and risks associated with running a business, including financial instability and a lack of job security.

Freelancer:

Another way to translate “autónomo” in English is “freelancer.” A freelancer is someone who works on a project-by-project basis for different clients, rather than being employed by a single company. Freelancers often work in creative fields such as writing, design, or photography, but can also work in areas like consulting or web development. One advantage of being a freelancer is the ability to work on a variety of projects and clients, which can be both challenging and rewarding. However, it can also mean dealing with a fluctuating workload and income.

Independent contractor:

“Independent contractor” is another possible translation of “autónomo” in English. It refers to someone who works on a contract basis for a company or organization, but is not considered an employee. Independent contractors are responsible for their own taxes and often provide their own equipment or workspace. While working as an independent contractor can offer some flexibility and the ability to work with different clients, it can also come with uncertainty and the potential for legal issues if not handled properly.

Overall, the term “autónomo” in Spanish encompasses a wide range of self-employment arrangements, and the English translations reflect this diversity. Whether you are a self-employed professional, a freelancer, or an independent contractor, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons of your situation and make sure you are taking care of yourself both professionally and financially. As for employers, it’s important to have the skills and knowledge to effectively manage and support employees, regardless of their work arrangement.

11

Fund = Financiar vs. found = Fundar

Fund funded funded

Found founded founded

vs.

Find found found

Who could fund a business that you started?

Vs.

Has anyone founded a successful business in your family?

Vs.

Have you ever found any money lying around?

The English language can be tricky with words that are spelled similarly but have different meanings. Two such words that are often confused are “fund” and “found”. “Fund” is a verb that means to provide financial resources for something, while “found” is a verb that means to establish or create something.

When we use the word “fund”, we are usually talking about financing something, like a project or a business. For example, “Who could fund a business that you started?” means who would be willing to invest in your business venture. The word “fund” is often used in a financial context, and can also refer to the actual amount of money that has been provided for a specific purpose.

On the other hand, when we use the word “found”, we are talking about creating or establishing something new. For example, “Has anyone founded a successful business in your family?” means has anyone in your family established a successful business from scratch. The word “found” is often used in the context of starting or creating something new, such as a company, organization or institution.

It’s important to note that these words are different from “find”, which means to discover or locate something that was lost or hidden. For example, “Have you ever found any money lying around?” means have you ever discovered money that was lost or misplaced.

In summary, while “fund” and “found” may seem similar, they have distinct meanings and uses. “Fund” refers to financing something, while “found” refers to creating or establishing something new. It’s important to use these words correctly to avoid confusion and miscommunication.

12

Funny = Gracioso = solo de risa = chistes etc. hahahaha
vs.
Fun = Divertido = no necesario de risa = nadar, bailar, correr maratones etc.

Funny – Funnier than – The funniest
vs.
Fun – More fun than – The most fun = an exception to the one syllable adjective rule which is er/est

La diferencia ortografica = Funny tiene Y pero Fun no la tiene.

Who is the funniest comedian for you?
Vs.
Do you know anyone who has fun running marathons?

Who is the most fun person that you know? Is this fun person funny too?

Do you find football training entertaining/fun?

fun = diversión                

What do you do for fun?

vs. 

diversion = desviación, distracción

What kinds of things do criminals use as a diversion to rob places?

The terms “funny” and “fun” are often used interchangeably in everyday language, but they actually have distinct meanings. “Funny” refers to something that is humorous or causes laughter, such as jokes or comedic performances. On the other hand, “fun” describes activities that are enjoyable and entertaining, such as playing sports, going to parties, or watching movies.

When it comes to comparing degrees of humor or enjoyment, “funny” follows the typical comparative form of adding “er” or “est” to the end of the adjective, while “fun” requires the use of “more” or “most” to form its comparative and superlative forms, respectively. This is an exception to the general rule for one-syllable adjectives, which usually add “er” or “est”.

It’s worth noting that “funny” contains the letter “y” while “fun” does not, but this distinction is purely a matter of spelling and has no impact on the meanings of the words.

When discussing preferences for humorous individuals, the question “Who is the funniest comedian for you?” would be appropriate. This focuses on a person’s comedic abilities and their ability to make others laugh. Conversely, when discussing people who are enjoyable to be around, the question “Who is the most fun person that you know?” would be more suitable. This question focuses on a person’s overall level of enjoyment and entertainment value, and whether or not they have a good sense of humor is not necessarily a determining factor.

For activities like football training, the word “fun” would be more appropriate than “funny”. Asking “Do you find football training entertaining/fun?” would be a more natural way to inquire about someone’s enjoyment of the sport.

When asking about activities for enjoyment, “fun” and “diversion” are often used interchangeably, but they do have slightly different connotations. “Fun” is more commonly used to describe activities that are meant to be enjoyable and lighthearted, while “diversion” can refer to anything that serves as a distraction or temporary escape, such as a hobby or a leisure activity. For example, the question “What do you do for fun?” would be asking about someone’s leisure activities, while “What kinds of things do criminals use as a diversion to rob places?” would be asking about tactics or strategies that are used to distract or misdirect people in order to carry out a crime.

Overall, understanding the subtle differences between “funny” and “fun” can help you communicate more effectively and express your preferences more clearly in conversations about humor and entertainment.

13

apply for = Positions/post = puesto de trabajo

What kinds of jobs would you apply for?

vs. 

apply to = Companies/entities

What kinds of companies/places would you apply to?

The difference between “apply for” and “apply to” is that “apply for” is used when referring to a specific job or position, while “apply to” is used when referring to a company or entity as a whole.

When we use “apply for,” we are indicating that we are interested in a particular job or position, and we are submitting an application for that specific position. For example, “I am going to apply for the marketing manager position at ABC Company.” In this case, the person is indicating that they are interested in a specific job and will be submitting an application for that position.

On the other hand, when we use “apply to,” we are indicating that we are interested in working for a particular company or entity, and we are submitting our application to that company or entity. For example, “I am going to apply to ABC Company for a marketing position.” In this case, the person is indicating that they are interested in working for ABC Company and are applying for any marketing position available.

In summary, “apply for” is used when referring to a specific job or position, while “apply to” is used when referring to a company or entity as a whole. It is essential to use the correct preposition when applying for jobs to avoid any confusion.

14

What would you do to fit in quickly when you join a firm/go to the university? Encajarse en un sitio

vs.

When was the last time an item of clothing didn’t fit you after you washed it in the washing machine? Caber

vs.

What kinds of posts/positions would suit you? It is good/It’s convenient/conviene/quedar bien

vs.

How hard would it be to work with people whose work ethics didn’t match yours?

Which colours don’t match? To go together with/emparejarse.

When learning a new language, it’s important to understand the nuances between similar verbs that can often be confusing. In English, the verbs “fit,” “fit in,” “suit,” and “match” are all related to the idea of compatibility or appropriateness, but they each have distinct meanings and contexts in which they are used.

The verb “fit” refers to whether or not something physically fits into a space or on a person’s body. For example, the question “When was the last time an item of clothing didn’t fit you after you washed it in the washing machine?” is asking about the physical size and shape of an article of clothing after it has been washed. It can also be used in a more abstract sense to describe whether something is suitable or appropriate, such as saying “The new employee seems to fit well with the team.”

The phrase “fit in” refers specifically to whether or not someone is able to acclimate to a new social or cultural environment. The question “What would you do to fit in quickly when you join a firm/go to the university?” is asking about how to adapt and conform to the social norms and expectations of a new workplace or academic community.

The verb “suit” is used to describe whether something is appropriate or well-matched for a particular purpose or person. For example, the question “What kinds of posts/positions would suit you?” is asking about a person’s abilities and interests, and which job positions would be a good fit for them. It can also be used to describe whether something looks good or is flattering, such as saying “That color really suits you.”

The verb “match” refers to whether or not two things complement or go well together. The question “Which colors don’t match?” is asking about color combinations that clash or don’t coordinate well. It can also be used in a broader sense to describe whether two people or things are compatible, such as saying “I think their personalities really match well.”

Understanding the differences between these verbs can help learners communicate more effectively and express their thoughts and ideas more precisely. By mastering the subtle nuances of each verb, learners can become more confident and effective in their language skills.

15

The problem with the S with the word WORK

Works vs. Work vs. Job/Jobs

Works = obra de contruccion = no existe singular

Are there any works happening in your city?

vs. 

a work of art/2 works of art = singular and plural = obra or obras de arte

Which works of art do you really appreciate?

vs. 

Work = trabajo o trabajar = uncountable noun = it doesn’t have a plural form

A Job/2 Jobs = trabajo/s = countable .

Where do you work? Is your work easy or hard?

How many works have you had in your life? Incorrect

How many jobs have you had in your life? Correct

The word JOB can also refer to a task/tarea.

How many jobs do you have to do at work today?

How well did your brother do the job at the family barbecue making the food?

Besides illnesses, what else can over-working give you?

What are you helping to develop at work at the moment?

How often do you interact with your co-workers outside of working hours?

What’s your staring time and finishing time at work?

When it comes to learning a new language, it’s important to pay close attention to the nuances of words and how they are used in context. One common mistake that Spanish learners of English often make is adding an “s” to the word “work” to make it plural, as they would in Spanish with the word “trabajo.” However, this is a grammatical error that should be avoided.

The word “work” in English is an uncountable noun, which means that it cannot be made plural by adding an “s.” This is because “work” refers to the general concept of labor or employment, rather than a specific number of tasks or jobs. For example, you might say “I have a lot of work to do today,” but you would never say “I have a lot of works to do today.”

The confusion may arise from the fact that the word “job” is a countable noun, which means that it can be made plural by adding an “s.” However, “job” refers to a specific position or task, rather than the general concept of labor. For example, you might say “I have two jobs,” but you would never say “I have two works.”

In addition to avoiding the incorrect use of the plural form of “work,” it’s important to use the correct word for the situation. “Job” refers specifically to a paid position, while “work” can refer to any kind of labor or effort, paid or unpaid. “Works,” on the other hand, refers specifically to construction projects or artistic creations.

Understanding the nuances of these words is important for effective communication in English. Using the correct form of the word can help you to express your ideas more clearly and avoid confusion. For example, if you were to ask “How many works have you had in your life?” instead of “How many jobs have you had in your life?” it might be unclear what you are asking about.

In addition to using the correct forms of these words, it’s important to consider the context in which they are used. Asking questions about someone’s work, job, or tasks can help to build rapport and show interest in their daily life. For example, asking about someone’s starting and finishing time at work can help to understand their daily routine, while asking about their interactions with co-workers can help to build a sense of camaraderie. By paying attention to the nuances of language and using the correct forms of words, you can become a more effective communicator in English.

Why do Spanish learners of English sometimes make the mistake of adding an “s” to the word “work”?

Is “work” a countable or uncountable noun in English? Why?

Can “job” be made plural by adding an “s”? Why or why not?

What is the difference between “job” and “work”?

What does “works” specifically refer to in English?

Why is it important to use the correct form of these words in English?

How can asking questions about someone’s work or job help to build rapport?

Why is paying attention to the nuances of language important for effective communication in English?

16

V: Commit (comprometer) vs. Compromise (ceder)
N: Commitment = compromiso vs. Compromise = la solución intermedia/la cesión  

be compromised = estar afectado negativamente/verse comprometido

How committed are you to your work/studies?

What kinds of commitments do you have nowadays?
vs.
Why is it important to compromise and leave your position/desires (ceder) and meet in the middle in relationships?

Talk about some compromises people make in their life.

vs.

Talk about a moment when your plans/someone’s plans were compromised?

Commit and compromise are two words that can easily be confused as false friends between English and Spanish. Although they have similar meanings, they are used in different contexts and have different nuances.

The verb commit in English means to pledge, promise, or obligate oneself to do something. For example, if you commit to a task, you are saying that you will do everything possible to complete it. This verb is often used in a professional or personal context, and it implies a strong dedication to the task at hand. In Spanish, the verb comprometer is often used to convey a similar meaning.

On the other hand, the verb compromise in English means to give up or concede something in order to reach a middle ground or solution that is acceptable to all parties involved. In Spanish, the verb ceder is used to convey this meaning. Compromise is often necessary in order to resolve conflicts or come to an agreement in personal or professional relationships.

Similarly, the nouns commitment and compromise have different meanings. Commitment refers to a promise or pledge to do something, such as a commitment to a job or a relationship. It implies a sense of duty or responsibility. In Spanish, the word compromiso is used to convey this meaning. Compromise, on the other hand, refers to a solution that is reached through mutual concessions or agreements between parties. It implies a willingness to work together and find common ground.

Lastly, the phrase “be compromised” in English means to be negatively affected or put in a difficult position. This phrase can refer to a situation where one’s reputation or integrity is at risk. In Spanish, the phrase “verse comprometido” is used to convey a similar meaning.

In conclusion, while the words commit and compromise may seem similar, they have distinct meanings and contexts in both English and Spanish. Understanding these differences can help avoid misunderstandings and communicate more effectively in both personal and professional settings.

17

ganar, ganar, ganar, ganar

win vs. earn vs. gain vs. make

win = competitions/the lottery

Have you ever won the lottery/competition?
earn = salary

How much does a doctor earn in your country?
make = salary or from business

How can you make money on the Internet?

gain + collocation words only

How can you gain the respect of your colleagues?
You can gain weight, speed or momentum, as in ‘The toboggan sped down the hill, gaining momentum‘. You can also gain an advantage, as in ‘Some people try to gain an advantage by using their personal contacts’. Gain also goes with nouns such as access, admission and entry, as in ‘He gained entry to the building using a fake pass’. Other nouns frequently used with gain include experience, acceptance, ground and time.

The Spanish word “ganar” can be translated into many different words in English, depending on the context in which it is used. The most common translations are win, earn, gain, and make. Each of these words has a specific meaning and usage, which we will explore in this article.

Win is used to describe a victory in a competition or the lottery. For example, “Have you ever won the lottery?” or “Did you win the race?” The focus is on achieving success over others and being declared the winner.

Earn is used to describe the amount of money received in exchange for work done. For example, “How much does a doctor earn in your country?” The focus is on the salary or income earned from a job or profession.

Make is used to describe the process of creating or earning something. For example, “How can you make money on the Internet?” The focus is on the act of generating income or creating something of value.

Gain, on the other hand, is a more versatile word that can be used in a variety of contexts. It is often used in combination with other words to describe the process of acquiring or achieving something. For example, “How can you gain the respect of your colleagues?” In this context, the focus is on achieving respect or admiration from others.

In addition to the examples above, gain can also be used to describe an increase in weight, speed, or momentum. For example, “The toboggan sped down the hill, gaining momentum.” It can also be used to describe an advantage, as in “Some people try to gain an advantage by using their personal contacts.” Gain is also commonly used with nouns such as access, admission, and entry, as in “He gained entry to the building using a fake pass.” Other nouns frequently used with gain include experience, acceptance, ground, and time.

In conclusion, the Spanish word “ganar” can be translated into many different words in English, depending on the context in which it is used. Win, earn, gain, and make are all valid translations, each with its own specific meaning and usage. Understanding the nuances of these words is essential for effective communication in both Spanish and English.

18

discuss = have analytical conversations which are positive/good/excellent

vs. 

argue = discutir (bad)  

analytical conversations = good = discuss

Why is it really important and productive to have regular discussions with people about different matters who you are working/living with?

How often do you discuss important things with your colleagues/family?

vs.

argue = discutir (bad) verb

argument = discusion mala (noun)

When was the last time you argued with someone? Discutir (mal)

How can you avoid arguments with people?

How can you prevent arguments between people?

How can you make sure that a discussion doesn’t end up becoming an argument?

Is it possible to translate discutir as discuss?

argumento = plot of a movie/book

Describe the plot of the last book you read/the last movie you saw.

a piece of land = a plot = parcela

Do you own any plots? Are there any plots for sale in your neighbourhood?

package/parcel = paquete

When was the last time you received a parcel?

The words “discuss” and “argue” are often confused as they appear to have similar meanings, but they are not interchangeable. “Discuss” refers to having an analytical conversation which is positive, good or excellent, while “argue” is used to express disagreement or conflict.

Having discussions with people is an essential part of human communication. We discuss things to gain knowledge, share ideas, and improve understanding. Regular discussions can help build stronger relationships, especially with those we live or work with. Discussing important matters with family, colleagues, or friends can lead to better decision-making, and can help prevent misunderstandings or conflicts.

On the other hand, arguing with someone is not a desirable outcome in most situations. Arguments usually result in negative emotions, such as anger or frustration, which can damage relationships. It is important to learn how to avoid arguments and find ways to prevent them from escalating. This can be done by trying to understand the other person’s perspective, being respectful, and actively listening.

One way to prevent a discussion from turning into an argument is to establish clear communication guidelines. For example, agree to listen to each other’s opinions without interrupting or raising one’s voice. Both parties should feel heard and respected, even if they don’t agree on everything.

It is not possible to translate “discutir” directly as “discuss” as the two words have different connotations. “Discutir” in Spanish implies a negative and confrontational tone, whereas “discuss” in English is more neutral and positive.

The word “argumento” in Spanish refers to the plot of a movie or book, not to an argument in the English sense. It is important to understand the context in which a word is used to avoid confusion.

Similarly, the Spanish word “parcela” can refer to a plot of land, whereas in English, the word “plot” can also be used to describe the storyline of a movie or book.

Finally, the word “paquete” in Spanish means “package” or “parcel,” which are used interchangeably in English.

In conclusion, it is essential to understand the nuances of words and their meanings in different languages. Misusing words can lead to misunderstandings, confusion, and even conflict. It is important to use the right words to express our thoughts accurately and to communicate effectively with others.

19

avoid = Esquivarlo

How can you avoid problems with the law?

vs. 

prevent something from happening = Stop something  from happening

How can you prevent your children from getting into problems with the law?

avoid = Esquivarlo

How do you avoid being/getting infected?

vs. 

prevent something from happening = Stop something  from happening

If you have a cold, how do you prevent other people from being infected by you?

Avoid and prevent are two words that are often used interchangeably, but they actually have distinct meanings. Avoid means to evade or stay away from something, while prevent means to stop something from happening. In Spanish, avoid can be translated as “esquivar” while prevent can be translated as “prevenir” or “evitar”.

When it comes to legal matters, it is important to know how to avoid problems with the law. This can be achieved by following the law, avoiding illegal activities, and seeking legal advice when needed. For instance, if you want to avoid getting a traffic ticket, you should follow traffic rules and regulations, drive within the speed limit, and avoid reckless driving.

On the other hand, preventing something from happening means taking proactive measures to stop something from occurring. For example, parents can prevent their children from getting into problems with the law by setting clear boundaries, instilling good values, and monitoring their children’s activities. They can also educate their children about the consequences of breaking the law and provide guidance and support when needed.

In terms of health, avoiding and preventing are also important concepts. To avoid getting infected with a disease, you should practice good hygiene, such as washing your hands regularly, avoiding close contact with sick people, and covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. However, if you already have a cold or flu, it is important to take measures to prevent the spread of the disease to others, such as staying home, wearing a mask, and avoiding close contact with others.

In conclusion, while avoid and prevent may seem similar, they have different meanings and applications. Knowing when to use each term correctly can help you communicate your ideas more effectively in both English and Spanish. Whether it is avoiding legal problems or preventing the spread of disease, taking proactive measures can help you lead a safer and healthier life.

20

Confianza

You are confident. = seguro de ti mismo
How important is it to be confident when you are doing a task?

vs.
I trust you. = Confio en ti (en otros)
Would you trust all your friends with your money?

Do you have anybody you could rely on/count on/depend on to take care of you if you are ill/sick? Contar con

vs.

How important is it to completely trust your partner in a relationship?

How important is it to have complete trust in your partner in a relationship? (close your eyes)

vs.

Does your boss have confidence in you to work independently from home? (task related)

vs.

How important is it to be confident/have confidence in life? (tener confianza en si mismo)

Confidence, or “confianza” in Spanish, is a critical aspect of human interaction and success. In the English language, it can be expressed in various ways, including “you are confident,” “I trust you,” and “do you have anyone you could rely on.” Understanding the subtle differences between these phrases is essential for Spanish speakers who are trying to learn English and communicate effectively in a variety of contexts.

Firstly, “you are confident” means that the person is self-assured, comfortable, and capable when performing a task. It is crucial to be confident when undertaking a task, as it helps to boost productivity and morale. In contrast, “I trust you” is used when expressing confidence in another person, indicating that they can be relied upon to fulfill a particular responsibility or task. However, this trust should not be misplaced, and it is important to remember that not everyone is trustworthy or capable of fulfilling the responsibility.

The phrase “Would you trust all your friends with your money?” highlights the idea that not everyone can be trusted. This question is used to test the level of trust between people, especially when it comes to matters involving money. It is essential to establish trust with friends and family, but it is also important to be cautious when it comes to financial matters.

The phrase “Do you have anybody you could rely on/count on/depend on to take care of you if you are ill/sick?” is used to inquire about the availability of someone to provide assistance or support in case of an emergency. “Contar con” or “to count on” someone means having complete trust and faith in the person’s ability to provide help when it is needed. This phrase is used to build and strengthen relationships, especially during challenging times.

In a romantic context, “completely trusting your partner” means having complete faith in their fidelity, intentions, and decision-making skills. Trust is a critical component of any relationship, and without it, the relationship is likely to fail. The phrase “Does your boss have confidence in you to work independently from home?” is used to test one’s confidence in their abilities. It is important to trust in one’s ability to work independently and accomplish tasks without constant supervision.

Lastly, “having confidence in life” means having faith in oneself and one’s abilities to navigate the challenges and opportunities presented in life. Confidence is a critical component of success, and it is important to cultivate it both professionally and personally. By understanding the different ways in which confidence can be expressed in the English language, Spanish speakers can communicate more effectively and build stronger relationships in all areas of life.

21

season vs. season

estacion

When does the summer season begin?

vs. 

temporada

Do you prefer this season’s fashion compared to the one gone?

vs. 

estacion = station (train/bus)

Compare a bus station to a train station.

“Season” and “estación” are false cognates, which means that they look similar but have different meanings. “Season” refers to one of the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn/fall, and winter), while “estación” usually refers to a station or stop for public transportation, such as a bus station or a train station.

On the other hand, “temporada” refers to a period of time in which a particular activity or event occurs, such as a sports season or a theatrical season. In the context of fashion, “temporada” may refer to a specific fashion season or collection.

Finally, “una estación de autobuses y una estación de tren” means “a bus station and a train station.”

22

estado de tener prejuicios (political/gender related/patriotic, religious etc)

What are the different types of chauvinism?

vs. 

feminismo

What are the goals defined by feminism and how far are we from them?

vs. 

machismo  

What is being done to deal with male chauvinism?

vs. 

masculinidad

Why do some women like macho men/machismo?

The concepts of chauvinism, feminism, machismo, and masculinity are all related to ideas of gender, power, and prejudice. While these terms may share some similarities, they also have distinct meanings and implications.

Chauvinism refers to the state of having prejudiced beliefs or attitudes towards a particular group, often related to issues of gender, nationality, religion, or politics. For example, male chauvinism refers to the belief in male superiority and dominance, while patriotic chauvinism refers to the excessive or irrational devotion to one’s own country.

Feminism, on the other hand, is a movement that advocates for gender equality and the rights of women. Feminism seeks to challenge and change the societal norms and structures that perpetuate gender inequality, discrimination, and oppression. The goals of feminism include achieving equal pay and opportunities for women in the workforce, ending violence against women, and promoting reproductive rights.

Machismo is a term used to describe a strong or exaggerated sense of masculinity, often associated with a belief in male dominance and aggression. It can lead to harmful behaviors and attitudes towards women, as well as other men who do not conform to traditional ideas of masculinity. Efforts to address machismo include promoting positive masculinity, challenging harmful gender stereotypes, and promoting gender equality.

Masculinity is a broad term that encompasses the qualities, behaviors, and roles traditionally associated with men. It can include traits such as strength, independence, and courage, as well as vulnerability, emotional intelligence, and empathy. While some women may be attracted to traditionally masculine traits, it is important to recognize that these qualities do not need to be exclusive to men and that gender should not limit one’s ability to express themselves in a diverse range of ways.

In summary, these terms all relate to ideas of gender, power, and prejudice, but they each have distinct meanings and implications. Understanding these concepts and working towards promoting equality, diversity, and respect for all individuals is essential in creating a more just and equitable society.

23

run errands: Hacer recados

When do you normally run errands?

vs. 

tasks = Tareas

What are some daily tasks people do/perform/carry out at work?

vs. 

chores = Tarea de casa

What is your least favourite chore at home?

When it comes to managing our daily lives, there are a few types of responsibilities that we need to take care of regularly. These can be categorized into tasks, chores, and errands. Each of these types of responsibilities serves a specific purpose and requires a different approach to handle them efficiently.

One of the most common responsibilities that we need to take care of is running errands. Errands are the small tasks that we need to perform outside our regular routine, such as picking up groceries, dropping off a package, or filling up gas in our cars. These errands can be time-consuming and can disrupt our daily schedule, but they are essential for maintaining a smooth routine. In Spanish, the phrase used for running errands is “hacer recados,” which refers to the various small tasks we perform outside our daily routine.

In contrast to errands, tasks are the responsibilities that we need to take care of at work. These tasks can vary from person to person and depend on their job responsibilities. Tasks can include things like attending meetings, responding to emails, completing assignments, and more. These tasks are usually planned and scheduled as part of our work routine, and we are expected to perform them efficiently and effectively.

Chores, on the other hand, refer to the tasks we perform at home. These can include cleaning, doing laundry, washing dishes, and more. Chores are essential for maintaining a clean and organized home, but they can often feel tedious and time-consuming. It’s not uncommon to have a least favorite chore, whether it’s scrubbing the bathroom or vacuuming the house.

Overall, managing our daily responsibilities requires us to handle various tasks, chores, and errands efficiently. By organizing our responsibilities and prioritizing them, we can ensure that we complete them on time and maintain a smooth routine. Whether it’s running errands, completing tasks at work, or tackling chores at home, each responsibility plays a crucial role in our daily lives.

24

Be worth + ing = It’s worth doing that = valer la pena
Be worth + it + to inf = It is  worth it to do that = valer la pena

What difference in form have you noticed in the two structures?

Is the meaning different?

Be worth + ing = It’s worth doing that = valer la pena

Is it worth learning a foreign language?

Be worth + it + to inf = It is worth it to do that = valer la pena
Is it worth it to learn a foreign language?

The English language has many different structures and expressions that can be confusing for learners. One such example is the difference between “be worth + ing” and “be worth + it + to inf”. These two structures may seem similar, but there are some key differences in form and meaning that learners should be aware of.

“Be worth + ing” is used to describe a situation or action that is worth doing or undertaking. It is often used in a negative sense to describe something that is not worth the effort or sacrifice. For example, “It’s not worth making the sacrifice” implies that the sacrifice is not valuable or important enough to justify the effort required to make it.

On the other hand, “be worth + it + to inf” is also used to describe a situation or action that is worth doing, but with a slightly different emphasis. In this case, the “it” refers to the effort or sacrifice required to achieve the goal, rather than the goal itself. For example, “Is it worth it to learn a foreign language?” implies that the effort required to learn a foreign language is being questioned, rather than the value of learning a foreign language.

The difference in form between these two structures lies in the use of the pronoun “it” and the infinitive form of the verb. In “be worth + ing”, there is no pronoun used and the verb is in the gerund form (-ing). In “be worth + it + to inf”, the pronoun “it” is used to refer to the effort or sacrifice, and the verb is in the infinitive form (to + verb).

While the meanings of these two structures are similar, there is a subtle difference in emphasis that can affect how they are used. “Be worth + ing” is more commonly used in a negative sense to express that something is not worth the effort or sacrifice, while “be worth + it + to inf” is used to question whether the effort or sacrifice required is justified in achieving the desired goal.

In conclusion, understanding the difference between “be worth + ing” and “be worth + it + to inf” is important for learners of English. While they may seem similar, there are differences in form and emphasis that can affect their usage. Whether it’s deciding whether to learn a foreign language or determining whether a sacrifice is worth making, these structures can help convey the value or lack thereof of a particular action or situation.

25

Journey = trayecto de un viaje
How long does the journey take from your house to your workplace/school?

vs. 

Working day = jornada laboral
How long should an ideal working day be for maximum productivity?

Is the journey to the capital of your country longer than the length of your working day?

day’s wages = jornal/salario de un dia  

Is it still common for people to work on day’s wages in your area?

vs. 

journal = diario, revista cientifica

Do you know anyone who reads scientific journals regularly or writes for them?

As with many words and phrases, there are often differences between how they are used and understood in Spanish and English. This is certainly true for the concepts of “journey,” “working day,” “day’s wages,” and “journal.”

In Spanish, “journey” is typically translated as “trayecto de un viaje,” which emphasizes the distance or route of a trip. For example, you might ask someone “¿Cuánto tiempo dura el trayecto de tu casa al trabajo?” (How long does the journey take from your house to your workplace?) This phrasing focuses on the physical distance and time it takes to travel, rather than the actual act of traveling.

On the other hand, in English, “journey” can also be a more general term that can refer to any travel experience, regardless of distance or mode of transportation. You might ask someone “How was your journey?” after they’ve returned from a trip, which could include their overall experience, any challenges or highlights, and more.

Moving on to “working day,” in Spanish this is typically referred to as “jornada laboral,” which directly translates to “labor day.” In English, “working day” is a more general term that simply refers to the hours or time spent working. For example, you might ask “How many hours is a typical working day for you?” This phrasing focuses on the duration of work, rather than the specific nature or context of that work.

Similarly, “day’s wages” in Spanish is often referred to as “jornal” or “salario de un día,” which emphasizes the payment for a single day of work. In English, “day’s wages” is not commonly used, with “daily wage” or “daily rate” being more common alternatives.

Lastly, “journal” has different meanings in Spanish and English. In Spanish, “journal” is often translated as “diario,” which can refer to a daily newspaper or diary. In English, “journal” usually refers to a scientific or academic publication, often containing research articles or scholarly writing.

To sum up, these examples show how even seemingly straightforward concepts can have subtle differences in translation and usage between Spanish and English. Understanding these nuances can help improve communication and avoid misunderstandings in both personal and professional settings.

26

flip flops = la chancleta de dedo

Do you wear flip flops or slippers at the beach?

vs. 

slippers  = la chancleta deportiva/de banda

Do you have a pair of slippers to wear around the house?

Flip flops, also known as “la chancleta de dedo” in Spanish, are a type of open-toed sandals that are held onto the foot with a thong between the big toe and the second toe. They are typically made of rubber or plastic and are commonly worn during the summer months, particularly at the beach or pool.

On the other hand, slippers, or “la chancleta deportiva/de banda” in Spanish, are more like slip-on shoes, typically made of soft, comfortable material like fleece or cotton, with a rubber sole. They are worn primarily indoors, particularly around the house for comfort and warmth. There are also slippers that are made of plastic and other synthetic materials for use around water.

So, while both flip flops and slippers are types of footwear that are easy to slip on and off, they are used in different settings and for different purposes.

27

to please = agradecer a alguien

to be pleased = estar contento

vs.

pleasant = agradable

How pleased are you when you see pleasant things? Which pleasant things please you?

vs.

How displeased are you when you see unpleasant things? Which unpleasant things displease you?

The verb “to please” means to make someone happy or satisfied by doing something for them or providing them with something they like. For example, if someone gives you a gift that you really like, you might say “thank you, that pleases me”. On the other hand, “to be pleased” means to feel happy or satisfied about something. For example, if you received a good grade on a test, you might say “I am pleased with my performance”.

Meanwhile, “pleasant” refers to something that is enjoyable or pleasing to the senses. For example, a warm summer breeze or the smell of fresh flowers can be described as pleasant. When we see pleasant things, we feel pleased or content. On the other hand, when we see unpleasant things, we feel displeased or unhappy. Unpleasant things could include things like bad smells, loud noises, or negative news.

28

Well – Unwell = salud

Good – Bad = emotions or ethics 

de salud = estoy un poco mal = Spanish meaning is mala salud

English = I am a little bad = soy un poco malvado = mal  carácter

I am good = expresses that I am OK, but I am bad only refers to bad intentions.

How pleased would you be to see a friend looking well after their recent Covid illness?

When was the last time you were unwell?

vs.

Why is it important to look good in social situations? Appearance

What makes you feel good? What makes you feel bad?

The words “well” and “unwell” are often used to refer to one’s health. In Spanish, “estar bien” refers to being in good health, while “estar mal” refers to being in poor health. On the other hand, in English, “good” and “bad” can refer to both emotions or ethics, as well as to one’s health. “Good” is often used to describe positive emotions, actions or qualities, while “bad” can refer to negative emotions or intentions.

If a friend has recently recovered from Covid-19, it would be pleasing to see them looking well and healthy again. On the other hand, if you have been unwell recently, it is important to prioritize rest and self-care to recover fully.

In social situations, it can be important to look good to make a good impression on others. However, it is also important to prioritize feeling good internally, rather than just focusing on external appearance. Engaging in activities that bring joy and fulfillment, spending time with loved ones, and practicing self-care can all contribute to feeling good. On the other hand, negative experiences or emotions, such as stress or anxiety, can make one feel bad.

29

casualty = victima
casualty of war = victima de la Guerra
How many casualties were there in The Second World War?

vs. 
chance = oportunidad

Would you give a liar a second chance if you were the boss?

vs.
by chance = por casualidad – eventualmente
Have you ever met a friend while on holiday abroad by chance?

vs. 

eventually = al final, a la larga

Is there anything you are currently avoiding doing but eventually will have to do?

Casualty and chance are two words that have distinct meanings and are not related to each other.

Casualty refers to a person who is injured or killed in an accident, disaster, or war. For example, a casualty of war refers to a victim of a conflict, and knowing the number of casualties in a war can help us understand the scale of the conflict.

On the other hand, chance refers to the possibility of something happening or the probability of an event occurring. For instance, giving a liar a second chance depends on the chance of them repeating their behavior, and meeting a friend on holiday by chance is a matter of coincidence or luck.

By chance is a phrase that means accidentally or unexpectedly, and it is often used when something happens that was not planned or intended. For example, meeting a friend while on holiday abroad by chance suggests that the meeting was unplanned or a lucky coincidence.

Eventually means finally or ultimately, and it suggests that something will happen after some time or at some point in the future. For instance, there may be tasks that we are avoiding now but eventually will have to do, and the word eventually emphasizes the inevitability of the action.

30

Deal with = solucionar – afrontar – aguantar – tratar con

Solucionar/Resolver: Would you be able to deal with math problems without a calculator? How would you deal with a family problem?

Afrontar: What is the toughest problem that you have had to deal with?

Aguantar: How long would you be able to deal with someone who is trying to bully you?

Tratar con: How do you deal with your workmates/classmates?

The phrasal verb “deal with” has multiple meanings and uses in English. One of the most common meanings is “to solve” or “to handle a problem.” For example, one might say, “I need to deal with this issue at work” or “I am trying to figure out how to deal with my financial situation.”

Another meaning of “deal with” is “to face” or “to confront.” In this sense, it is often used to describe dealing with difficult or challenging situations, such as a personal crisis or a difficult boss at work. For example, one might say, “I had to deal with a lot of stress when my father passed away” or “I am not sure how I am going to deal with this upcoming project deadline.”

A third meaning of “deal with” is “to tolerate” or “to put up with.” This is often used to describe dealing with annoying or frustrating people or situations, such as a noisy neighbor or a difficult customer. For example, one might say, “I can’t deal with this traffic every day” or “I had to deal with my coworker’s constant complaining.”

Finally, “deal with” can also mean “to interact with” or “to manage.” For example, one might say, “I need to learn how to deal with difficult customers” or “I am trying to figure out how to deal with my coworkers’ different personalities.”

31

Do we use the article THE with the words Last and Next with calendar words like Week, Month, Year?  No

See you next week.

What did you do last weekend?

What are you going to do next weekend?

vs.

What happened in the last book you read/the last movie you saw/the last event you went to?

In English, we do not use the definite article “the” with the words “last” and “next” when they are used with calendar words like week, month, or year. This means that we would say “See you next week,” “What did you do last weekend?” and “What are you going to do next weekend?” instead of “See you the next week,” “What did you do the last weekend?” and “What are you going to do the next weekend?”

However, when we use “last” and “next” with specific nouns such as book, movie or event, we do use “the”. For example, “What happened in the last book you read?” or “What was your favorite part of the next event you’re attending?”

32

Prepositions come at the end of Questions, Relative clauses and Passive sentences.

This is the best company I have been in.
I have been in this company and it is the best ever.
If you say, It’s the best company I have been, (leaving the preposition) this means, tu eres una empresa
You have been in this company and this is the company which you have been in.
Don’t leave the dependent preposition behind.
I am looking at this thing. This is the thing which I am looking at.
I depend on you. You are the person who I depend on.
This is being looked at.
You are being depended on.
Where are you from?
Who is this for?

What’s the best city that you have been in?

Who is the best boss that you have worked for?

Who is the best teacher that you have studied with?
What’s the best company you have been in?
What’s the most difficult situation you have been in?

Which grammar point is being looked at?

What are you studying English for?

Do we find prepositions at the end in QUESTIONS, RELATIVE CLAUSES and PASSIVE SENTENCES?

Prepositions are an essential part of the English language, providing clarity and specificity to our speech and writing. However, when it comes to Questions, Relative clauses, and Passive sentences, prepositions can become a bit tricky as they are commonly found at the end of the sentence.

In these types of cases, the preposition is known as a dependent preposition, meaning that it cannot stand alone without a preceding word. For example: When using relative clauses, we need to be careful not to leave the dependent preposition behind. For instance, in the sentence “This is the thing which I am looking at,” we must include the preposition “at” at the end of the sentence to clarify the action. Leaving it behind could make the sentence ambiguous or nonsensical.

Another instance where prepositions come at the end of a sentence is in passive sentences. In the sentence “You are being depended on,” the preposition “on” is used to indicate the object of the verb “depend,” which in this case, is “you.” Placing the preposition before the object would make the sentence grammatically incorrect and unclear.

In questions, prepositions often come at the end of the sentence to seek more specific information. For example, in the question “Where are you from?” the preposition “from” is used to clarify the origin of the person. This structure is commonly used in English, and it is considered grammatically correct. Placing the preposition at the beginning is a overly formal and unnatural convention which is avoided nowadays.

In conclusion, prepositions coming at the end of Questions, Relative clauses, and Passive sentences are a crucial aspect of English grammar. While it may seem confusing at first, understanding how and when to use dependent prepositions can help us communicate more effectively and efficiently. So next time you encounter a sentence with a preposition at the end, don’t be afraid to embrace it!

33

Actual: the English Word = que es real y no es falso
What is the actual job description of a ghost-writer?

Were you able to distinguish between your actual friends and others who were not really your friends at school but spoke to you regularly?

vs.
Actual de ahora: the Spanish Word = Current
Who is the current president of your country?

Who are your current friends?

Are all your current classmates/workmates your friends actually?

The word “actual” can have different meanings depending on the context and the language. In English, “actual” refers to something that is real and not false or imagined. For example, an actual job description of a ghost-writer is the real job description and not a false or imagined one.

In Spanish, “actual” means current. So when asking who is the current president of your country, you are asking who is currently holding that position. Similarly, when referring to your current friends, you are talking about the friends you have right now.

It’s important to note that just because someone is your current classmate or workmate, it doesn’t necessarily mean they are your friend. So while all your current classmates or workmates may be actual in the sense that they are real, not false or imagined, not all of them may be your actual friends.

34

What is the difference between finish, end, complete and end up?

terminar algo que despues no existiera

_______________I                           

What time does this class finish? Finalizar

How do you end your day? Finalizar

Have you ever had difficulty in completing a sentence? Finalizar

vs.

cambio de  una situación a otra

_______________I_______________

When was the last time you worked so much on a day off that you ended up really tired? Acabar  

end up = you are the subject

How would you end up really tired?

vs. 

result in/lead to = the thing is the subject

What kinds of things can result in you getting really tired?

What kinds of things can lead to you getting tired?

“Finish,” “end,” “complete,” and “end up” are all verbs that refer to the termination or conclusion of something, but they have different nuances and usage.

“Finish” means to bring something to an end, typically with the sense of accomplishment or completion. For example, you can say “I finished reading the book” or “What time does this class finish?”

“End” also means to bring something to a close, but it can be used in a more general sense than “finish.” For instance, you can say “How do you end your day?” to mean how you typically wind down or finish up your activities.

“Complete” means to finish something in a thorough or comprehensive way, usually with the sense of reaching a final goal or achieving a desired outcome. For instance, you can say “Have you ever had difficulty in completing a sentence?”

“End up” refers to a change in a situation or result that was not initially planned or expected. For example, you can say “When was the last time you worked so much on a day off that you ended up really tired?” This phrase emphasizes the unexpected or unintended outcome.

In contrast, “result in” and “lead to” both imply a cause-and-effect relationship between two things. “Result in” means to produce or bring about a particular consequence or outcome, while “lead to” means to cause something to happen or to have a particular result. For example, you can ask “What kinds of things can result in you getting really tired?” or “What kinds of things can lead to you getting tired?” These phrases emphasize the causal relationship between an action or event and its outcome.

35

mouth to mouth = boca a boca = A life saving manoeuvre (resuscitation = reanimacion)

Would you feel comfortable giving someone who has fainted/lost consciousness mouth to mouth?

vs.

word of mouth = de boca en boca = Advertising

Why/How does word of mouth work for local businesses?

The phrase “mouth to mouth” refers to a life-saving manoeuvre used in resuscitation, where someone breathes air into the lungs of an unconscious person through their mouth. This technique is also known as CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and can be crucial in saving someone’s life in emergency situations.

On the other hand, “word of mouth” is a marketing term that refers to the spread of information or recommendations about a product, service, or business from person to person through conversations. It is a form of advertising that is based on personal recommendations and is often seen as more trustworthy and effective than traditional advertising methods. For local businesses, word of mouth can be especially important as it can help to establish a loyal customer base and increase visibility in the community.

36

Title (name etc) vs. heading (academic) vs. headline (encabezado: noticias)

Book title. Movies title etc…

What’s the title of your favourite book/movie?
vs.
Heading of the report etc…

What’s the role of a heading in a report?
vs.

Headline in the newspaper etc…
Do you only read the headlines or the whole news articles?

Newsssssssssssssssssss = no se puede quitar la S de esta palabra.

“Title” typically refers to the name of a creative work, such as a book, movie, or song. It serves as the identifier for the work and often reflects its main theme or topic.

In an academic context, a “heading” refers to a brief title or label that is used to organize and divide the content of a report, paper, or other written document. It is usually formatted differently than the main text and helps the reader to navigate the structure of the work.

A “headline” is a short, attention-grabbing title or phrase that appears at the top of a news article or other piece of journalism. Its purpose is to provide a quick summary of the main points of the article and entice the reader to read further.

Finally, “newsssssssssssssssssss” is an uncountable noun that always has an S.

37

I operate a crane (grua) at work. I had an accident and they operated on me/my leg/my back and saved my life at the hospital. (active form) vs. I was operated on/My leg was operated on/My back was operated on (passive form) at the hospital which saved my life.

One little preposition changes the meaning of the concept completely.

Operate = manejar maquinaria
Do you know anyone who operates a machine for a living?

vs.
Operate on = cirugia

Have you ever been operated on?

The verb “operate” can have two very different meanings depending on the preposition that follows it. In its active form, “operate” means to control or manage a machine or piece of equipment. For example, “I operate a crane at work” means that the speaker is responsible for using a crane to lift and move heavy objects.

On the other hand, when “operate” is followed by the preposition “on,” it takes on a completely different meaning. In this case, “operate on” means to perform surgery on someone. For example, “they operated on me at the hospital” means that the speaker underwent a surgical procedure.

Furthermore, the active and passive forms of “operate” can also convey different nuances. In the active form, the emphasis is on the person doing the action, whereas in the passive form, the emphasis is on the person receiving the action.

For example, “they operated on my leg and saved my life” in the passive form places the focus on the life-saving surgery that the speaker underwent. The active form, “they operated on me and saved my life,” puts more emphasis on the speaker as the person who received the life-saving surgery.

The use of the passive voice in this context can also serve to obscure the identity of the person performing the surgery. In the sentence “my leg was operated on at the hospital,” the speaker does not specify who performed the surgery. This can be useful in situations where the identity of the surgeon is not important or is unknown.

In summary, the preposition that follows the verb “operate” can drastically change its meaning. The active form refers to the control or management of a machine or equipment, while the passive form with the preposition “on” refers to surgical procedures performed on someone. Additionally, the active and passive forms can convey different nuances, with the passive voice often placing more emphasis on the action received rather than the person performing the action.

38

Shout to = gritar to get the attention
When was the last time you had to shout to someone across the road to get their attention?

vs.
Shout at = echar la bronca = verbal aggression

Why is it a bad idea to shout at your employees?

One little preposition changes the meaning of the concept completely.

throw to = pass something to someone by throwing it to them

How accurate are you when you throw a ball to someone from a long distance?

vs.

throw at = attack someone with something by throwing it 

Have you ever seen someone throwing something at someone and hurting them?

Shout to and shout at are two phrases that can cause confusion due to their similar sound and structure. However, the preposition used in each phrase makes a significant difference in their meaning.

Shout to is used to describe the act of shouting in order to get someone’s attention from a distance. For example, if you need to get your friend’s attention from across the street, you may shout to them. It is a common way to communicate in noisy environments or when someone is far away.

On the other hand, shout at is used to describe the act of yelling in anger or frustration at someone. This can be harmful to the person on the receiving end and can lead to feelings of hurt and humiliation. Shouting at someone can also create a negative work environment and damage relationships.

Similarly, throw to and throw at are two phrases that can be easily confused. Throw to refers to the act of passing something to someone by throwing it to them. For instance, throwing a ball to your friend during a game of catch.

On the other hand, throw at refers to the act of attacking someone by throwing an object at them. This can result in physical harm and can be considered a violent act.

It is essential to understand the prepositions used in these phrases to avoid misunderstandings and unintended consequences. Using the wrong preposition can change the entire meaning of the sentence and can lead to confusion or even harm.

In conclusion, small prepositions like “to” and “at” can make a significant difference in the meaning of a sentence. Therefore, it is crucial to use them correctly to avoid misunderstandings and negative consequences. Remember to shout to, not shout at, and throw to, not throw at.

39

Talk about the reason why Ayuso won in Madrid.

Talk about the reason why people say a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

It is common to use “the reason why” instead of “the reason because” in English. This is because “the reason because” is considered to be grammatically incorrect.

In the examples given, “Talk about the reason why Ayuso won in Madrid” and “Talk about the reason why people say a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush,” we are using “the reason why” to introduce the topic of discussion and to explore the factors that contributed to Ayuso’s win in Madrid or the origin and meaning of the proverbial saying.

Using “the reason why” is a convention in English that helps to convey a clear and concise message. It is also important to note that in certain contexts, such as in informal speech or casual conversation, people may use “the reason because” instead of “the reason why” without any confusion or misunderstanding.

40

Finally = In the end + Subject  Verb

In the end = finalmente = process

If you kept trying to resolve a problem unsuccessfully, would you give up in the end?

Talk about something that was difficult for you to learn but in the end you got it.

vs.

Al final de: At the end of + time and place

What are you going to do at the end of this class?

What can you find at the end of your road?

What happens at the end of the last movie you saw/the last book you read?

vs.

At last!= used with an exclamation mark

What kinds of situations would make you shout out “At last!”?

Finally, In the End, At the End, and At Last are all common expressions that are often used interchangeably, but they actually have different meanings and contexts.

“Finally” and “In the end” are similar in meaning and imply the conclusion of a process or situation. “Finally” indicates the end of a process after which something will happen, whereas “in the end” refers to the final outcome of a process or situation after all other events or possibilities have been exhausted. For example, if someone is trying to solve a problem and after many attempts they succeed, they might say, “Finally, I solved the problem” or “In the end, I was able to solve the problem.”

“At the end” refers to a specific point in time or place, usually indicating the conclusion of a sequence of events. For instance, one might ask, “What can you find at the end of your road?” or “What happens at the end of the last movie you saw/the last book you read?” In both cases, “at the end” refers to a specific point in time or location.

Finally, “at last” implies relief after a long period of waiting or anticipation. For example, one might have said, “At last!  to show how relieved people felt during the pandemic when they came out with the vaccines.  It suggests that after a long period of waiting or uncertainty, something has finally happened or been achieved.

In conclusion, while these expressions may seem similar in meaning, they have distinct contexts and usages. It’s important to use them appropriately to avoid confusion or miscommunication.

41

look up to someone = admirar a alguien

Who do you look up to?

vs. 

be in awe of someone = Ver a alguien como una maravilla – admiración extrema

Why can it be harmful to be in awe of someone?

vs. 

look down on someone = mirar encima del hombro

Why should we not look down on others?

Looking up to someone is a natural feeling that we all experience at some point in our lives. It can be a teacher, a parent, a mentor, or someone famous who inspires us to be better. When we look up to someone, we admire their qualities, skills, and achievements. It motivates us to emulate their success and strive to achieve our goals.

On the other hand, being in awe of someone is an extreme form of admiration that can be harmful in some cases. It can create a power dynamic where one person feels inferior to the other, leading to dependency or idolization. This can result in neglecting one’s own needs and values and blindly following the person they are in awe of. In some cases, it can also lead to disappointment and disillusionment when the person turns out to be flawed or makes mistakes.

Looking down on someone, on the other hand, is a harmful attitude that can be damaging to both the person doing the looking down and the person being looked down upon. It is a form of disrespect that undermines the person’s self-esteem and can lead to feelings of inferiority and resentment. It can also create barriers to communication and collaboration, hindering progress and growth.

We should strive to avoid looking down on others and instead cultivate empathy and understanding. It is essential to recognize that everyone has their strengths, weaknesses, and experiences that shape who they are. It is vital to respect others’ diversity and treat them with kindness and compassion, regardless of their background, culture, or status.

In conclusion, looking up to someone can be a positive influence in our lives, inspiring us to be better and achieve our goals. However, we should be cautious about being in awe of someone as it can create unhealthy dependencies and unrealistic expectations. Looking down on others is a harmful attitude that undermines mutual respect and can hinder growth and progress. It is important to cultivate empathy, understanding, and respect for others, recognizing and celebrating their unique qualities and contributions.

42

permanent job = trabajo fijo

vs. 

temporary job = trabajo temporal

How does a permanent job affect your life compared to a temporary job?

Full time = jornada completa

vs.

Part time = jornada parcial

How does a full time job affect your routine compared to a part time job?

A working day with a long break = jornada partida

vs.

Non stop working day = jornada no partida

Would you prefer a working day with a long break like they have in some sectors in Spain or a non-stop working day from 9 to 5 as they do in most sectors in UK?

A permanent job offers job security, benefits, and a sense of stability compared to a temporary job which may not provide these things. A permanent job can affect your life in a positive way by providing a steady income and allowing for long-term planning, while a temporary job may offer more flexibility but lacks job security.

A full-time job requires a greater time commitment and may provide a more stable income, but may also lead to work-life imbalance. A part-time job can offer more flexibility and a better work-life balance, but may not provide the same level of income or benefits as a full-time job.

A working day with a long break can provide employees with time to rest and recharge, but may also result in longer working hours. A non-stop working day can provide more structure and predictability, but may not offer the same level of rest or flexibility.

Ultimately, the type of job and working hours that are preferred may depend on individual circumstances and personal preferences. It is important to consider factors such as job security, income, benefits, flexibility, and work-life balance when evaluating different job options.

43

even numbers = Pares

What are even numbers?

odd numbers = Impares

What are odd numbers?

vs.

odd = Raro

Who is the oddest person you know?

vs.

the odds = Probabilidades

What are the odds of it snowing tomorrow?

vs.

even = llano

compare living in a city with an even surface to living in an uneven city?

vs.

be evens = estar en paz

How important is it for you to pay back your debts and be evens?

vs.

even = incluso

How would someone feel if everyone even their best friend abandoned them in a difficult moment?

The terms “even” and “odd” have multiple meanings and contexts, which can sometimes lead to confusion.

In mathematics, even numbers are whole numbers that can be divided by 2 without leaving a remainder, while odd numbers cannot. For example, 2, 4, 6, 8 are even numbers, and 1, 3, 5, 7 are odd numbers.

Outside of mathematics, the word “odd” can refer to something strange or unusual. For instance, when we ask who the oddest person we know is, we are referring to someone who has peculiar behaviors or thoughts that are different from the norm.

On the other hand, “the odds” refer to the probability of something happening or not happening. For example, when we ask what are the odds of it snowing tomorrow, we are asking about the chances or likelihood of snowfall.

The word “even” can also mean “flat” or “level,” as opposed to “uneven” or “bumpy.” Living in a city with an even surface might be more comfortable for walking, biking, or driving than living in a city with an uneven surface.

Furthermore, the phrase “be evens” means to be at peace or to settle a disagreement. It is important to pay back debts and be evens to maintain healthy relationships with others.

Lastly, “even” can also mean “including everyone” or “balanced.” If everyone, including their best friend, abandoned someone in a difficult moment, they would likely feel hurt and alone because they were not even considered or included.

Overall, it is important to understand the context and meaning behind the words we use to avoid confusion and misunderstandings.

44

Asumir

Incorrect: it’s really important to ASSUME your age

Correct: it’s really important to ACCEPT your age

assume/suppose = suponer only

Why is it bad to assume/suppose things without real knowledge about them?

Why is it a bad idea to assume things about people?

vs. 

accept = asumir

Why don’t some young people accept their own reality?

Why should we accept the reality of our situation?

vs. 

take on = asumir

What kinds of challenges have you taken on at the moment?

What are some challenges that people take on in their life?

Asumir, the Spanish verb for “assume”, is often mistakenly used in English when the correct word should be “accept”. While both words are related to acknowledging or taking on something, they have different connotations and usage.

Assume or suppose is to take something as true without having evidence or proof, which can lead to misunderstandings, miscommunications, and even conflicts. Assuming something about people, situations, or events can be harmful because it may not align with reality and can lead to wrong judgments, prejudice, and discrimination.

On the other hand, accepting something means acknowledging it as it is, even if it’s not ideal or comfortable. It involves recognizing and embracing reality, without trying to change it, deny it, or fight against it. Accepting our age, for example, means recognizing that we are getting older and that it’s a natural process that we cannot avoid. Accepting our reality, in general, means taking responsibility for our actions, emotions, and decisions, and dealing with the consequences, both positive and negative.

Another similar word to asumir is “take on”, which means to undertake or assume a challenge, responsibility, or project willingly. Taking on a challenge can be beneficial for personal growth and development, as it pushes us out of our comfort zone and tests our abilities and skills.

In summary, while assume, accept, and take on are related words, they have distinct meanings and usage. It’s essential to use the right word in the right context to avoid confusion and misunderstanding. Asumir, as a Spanish word, should only be used in Spanish language contexts, and in English, the correct translation for it is usually “assume” or “suppose”.

45

at Easter/Christmas = at = period

vs. 

on Easter Monday/On Christmas day or eve = on = the exact day

Do you do the same things at Easter as you do on Easter Monday/Thursday (on = day)?

Do people feel the same at Christmas ( at = period) as they do on Christmas day/eve (on = day)?

When it comes to holiday celebrations, the choice of prepositions can make a big difference in meaning. In the case of Easter and Christmas, the prepositions “at” and “on” are often used to describe different aspects of the holidays.

“At” is used to refer to the period of time during which the holiday occurs. For example, one might say “I always spend time with my family at Easter” or “We usually exchange gifts at Christmas.” In this context, the focus is on the general time period during which the holiday is celebrated, rather than any specific day.

In contrast, “on” is used to refer to a specific day or date within the holiday period. For example, one might say “We always have a big meal on Christmas day” or “I like to go for a walk on Easter Monday.” Here, the focus is on the exact day or event that marks the culmination of the holiday period.

It’s worth noting that the use of “at” versus “on” can also carry different connotations. For example, saying “I’m going to be alone at Christmas” may imply a feeling of loneliness or sadness, while saying “I’m going to be alone on Christmas day” is more neutral and simply refers to the specific day.

Ultimately, whether someone does the same things at Easter as they do on Easter Monday, or whether they feel the same during the holiday period as they do on the exact day, is a matter of personal preference and tradition. Some people may have specific rituals or traditions associated with certain days, while others may simply enjoy the general atmosphere and festivities of the holiday period. Either way, the choice of preposition can help to clarify exactly what aspect of the holiday is being referred to.

46

What are the pros and cons of living downtown?

Is it possible to put a preposition before DOWNTOWN? No

Is it because the word DOWNTOWN begins with a preposition in itself? Yes

What are some other similar words? Upstairs, Downstairs, backward etc.  

vs.

the outskirts/the surrounding areas = las afueras

What are the pros and cons of living in the outskirts/in the surrounding areas?

vs.

your surroundings: lo que te rodea

Describe your surroundings at the moment.

Living downtown is correct and Living in downtown is incorrect because words like upstairs, downstairs, backward, and downtown are called adverbs of place, and they generally do not take prepositions before them.

The outskirts or the surrounding areas are the areas or zones that surround a city are just outside the boundaries of the city.

Your surroundings refer to the environment or area that is immediately around you. It could include things like the room you are in, the people around you, and the sounds and smells in the area. Describing your surroundings can be helpful in creating a sense of atmosphere or setting in writing, or in simply taking stock of your current situation.

47

value/appreciate = dar valor a algo/es importante para mi  

How much do you value your job?

Why don’t we appreciate/value the little comforts we have in our lives?

vs. 

assess/evaluate = evaluar/valorar

How often is your work evaluated?

Why is self assessment really important in life in order to improve? Have you ever had to assess someone’s work?

How would you evaluate/assess your government’s performance?

vs.

give legal advice = asesorar

Why is it important to have a legal advisor/consultant when you are setting up a business?

False friends can be tricky in language learning, and two pairs that are often confused are value/appreciate and evaluate/assess. These words may sound similar, but their meanings are quite different.

Value and appreciate both refer to the importance or worth that something has to us. For example, we might say that we value our job or appreciate the little comforts we have in our lives. These words are about our personal feelings and attitudes towards something.

Evaluate and assess, on the other hand, refer to the process of examining or analyzing something in order to make a judgment or determine its value. For example, we might assess someone’s work or evaluate the performance of our government. These words are about making an objective assessment of something based on evidence and criteria.

It’s important to understand the difference between these pairs of words, especially when speaking in a professional or academic context. For example, in a work setting, we might need to assess our own performance or evaluate the effectiveness of a team project. In legal contexts, we might need to give or seek legal advice from a legal advisor or consultant.

In summary, value and appreciate are about our personal feelings towards something, while evaluate and assess are about making an objective assessment based on evidence and criteria. Understanding these distinctions can help avoid confusion and improve communication in a variety of contexts.

48

Think in = the language of thoughts

Think about or Think of = there is a difference in meaning
I am thinking about where to go on holiday: Dar vueltas.
vs. 
I am thinking of my childhood: acordarse = remembering something
vs. 
We think in English/Spanish = the language of the mind for processing thought only.

Please, think about it.
Please, think about it.
Please, think about it.
Please, think about it.
Please, think about it.

Incorrect: they only think in/on themselves

Correct: they only think about/of themselves = piensan solo en si mismo y nadie mas = nada que ver con reflexionar aqui

Think ABOUT/OF = pensar en = dar vueltas a algo

vs.

Think on something = reflect on something = really deep thinking at the meditation level = profundo concepts

How can you stop thinking in Spanish and start thinking in English?
vs.
How do you feel when you are thinking of your childhood?
Vs.
What advice would you give your friend if they were thinking about changing their job?

vs.

What is the last thing you had to think on?

Language plays a crucial role in how we communicate our thoughts and ideas. We often use different phrases and words to convey specific meanings, and sometimes, the use of certain words can lead to confusion or misinterpretation. One area where this often happens is the use of the phrases “think in,” “think about/of,” and “think on.”

The phrase “think in” refers to the language of the mind for processing thoughts. For example, a person who grew up speaking Spanish will think in Spanish, while a person who grew up speaking English will think in English. It’s a subconscious process, and we typically don’t have much control over it.

On the other hand, the phrases “think about” or “think of” refer to actively considering or reflecting on something. For instance, if someone says, “I am thinking about where to go on holiday,” they are contemplating different options and possibilities. In contrast, if they say, “I am thinking of my childhood,” they are reflecting on a particular memory or experience.

Another phrase that is often used is “think on.” This phrase is similar to “think about” or “think of” but implies a deeper level of reflection. It often refers to introspective, meditative thinking, where a person is deeply considering a concept or idea.

It’s essential to understand the differences between these phrases as they can lead to misunderstandings. For example, if someone says, “they only think in/on themselves,” it may imply that the person is self-centered and only thinks about themselves. However, using “think about” or “think of” would convey the intended meaning more accurately.

In terms of language acquisition, it’s possible to change the language you think in, but it requires time and effort. One way to do this is to immerse oneself in the language through reading, writing, and speaking as much as possible.

Overall, language plays a significant role in how we process and communicate our thoughts. Understanding the nuances of different phrases and their meanings can help prevent misunderstandings and miscommunication.

49

The use of the genitive with locales/premises and people’s houses

(the word shop is understood)

When was the last time you went to the hairdresser’s?

When was the last time you went to the butcher’s?

When was the last time you went to the doctor’s?

(the word house is understood)

When was the last time you went to your brother’s?

How often do you go to your parents’?

In English, we often use the genitive case to indicate possession or association, and this extends to locales and premises as well as people’s houses. This can sometimes be confusing for non-native speakers, as the use of the genitive with locales and premises can seem unusual.

For example, we might say “I went to the hairdresser’s” instead of “I went to the hairdresser.” Similarly, we might say “I went to the butcher’s” instead of “I went to the butcher.” This is because we are indicating that we went to a specific place that belongs to the hairdresser or butcher, rather than simply going to the profession itself.

The same can be said for medical professionals. We might say “I went to the doctor’s” instead of “I went to the doctor” to indicate that we visited a specific doctor’s office or clinic.

When it comes to people’s houses, we often use the genitive to indicate whose house it is that we are referring to. For example, we might say “I went to my brother’s” or “I went to my parents’.” This is because we are indicating that we went to a specific house that belongs to our family members.

While the use of the genitive with locales and premises may seem odd at first, it is simply a convention in English that has been in use for centuries. It is important for language learners to understand these conventions, as they are used in everyday speech and writing.

In summary, the genitive case is commonly used in English when referring to locales, premises, and people’s houses to indicate possession or association. So, when asked “When was the last time you went to the hairdresser’s?” or “How often do you go to your parents’?” don’t be confused – just answer as you normally would!

50

make something difficult = dificultar

What kinds of things make learning difficult?

vs. 

make something easy = facilitar

What kinds of things make learning easy?

“Dificultar” is a Spanish verb that translates to “make something difficult” in English. It refers to the act of creating obstacles or challenges that make a particular task or situation harder to accomplish. For example, factors like lack of resources, confusing instructions, or a challenging learning environment can all “dificultar” the process of learning.

On the other hand, “facilitar” is a Spanish verb that translates to “make something easy” in English. It refers to the act of making a particular task or situation easier to accomplish. For example, factors like clear instructions, a supportive learning environment, or access to helpful resources can all “facilitar” the process of learning.

Both “dificultar” and “facilitar” are useful verbs to describe how external factors can impact the ease or difficulty of a particular task or situation, such as learning. By identifying the factors that make learning difficult or easy, we can take steps to mitigate obstacles and optimize the learning experience.