Confusing Concepts - 121 Ingles Online

Confusing Concepts 1

Puente

London Bridge – Tower Bridge

What’s the most impressive bridge that you have ever crossed?

vs.

A long weekend

A three day weekend

Bank holiday Monday

A four day weekend

What did you do during the last long weekend/the last bank holiday weekend?

In Spanish, “puente” has two different meanings. The first one is as a physical structure, just like in English, a structure that spans across a body of water or any other obstacle, connecting two points. The second meaning of “puente” in Spanish is as a holiday weekend or a long weekend. In this sense, “puente” refers to a specific holiday or a day off that is sandwiched between two workdays, resulting in a long weekend.

In comparison, in English, we simply use the term “long weekend” or “bank holiday weekend” to describe such an extended holiday period. For example, we might ask, “What did you do during the last long weekend or bank holiday weekend?” In this case, we are not talking about a physical structure, but rather a time period when people have extra time off from work to enjoy various activities.

In conclusion, while the word “bridge” and its Spanish translation “puente” share the same meaning as a physical structure that connects two points, the word “puente” in Spanish also has a unique second meaning, which is as a holiday weekend or a long weekend. This is an important distinction to understand for Spanish speakers who are learning English or for English speakers who are learning Spanish, as the word “puente” can have two different usages. Whether it is crossing a bridge or enjoying a long weekend, both meanings of “puente” can bring a sense of wonder and excitement.

Not + at all vs. not + completely

I can’t eat ANYTHING = no puedo comer nada

Refers to the object of the verb

vs.

I can’t EAT at all = no puedo comer nada de nada

I can’t SPEAK Chinese at all = no se hablar chino nada de nada

Refers to the action

Talk about something you can’t do at all. 0%

Vs.

Talk about something you don’t understand completely. a little yes and a little no

When learning a new language, it’s common to encounter words and phrases that may seem similar but have different meanings. One example of this is the difference between “not at all” and “not completely.” While both phrases have a negative connotation, they refer to different aspects of the sentence.

“Not at all” is used to emphasize the absence of something, whether it’s an object or an action. For example, if someone says “I can’t eat anything,” it means they cannot consume any type of food. On the other hand, if they say “I can’t eat at all,” it means they are unable to eat anything, emphasizing the action of consuming food.

Similarly, if someone says “I can’t speak Chinese at all,” it means they cannot communicate in the language whatsoever. This emphasizes the action of speaking rather than the language itself.

In contrast, “not completely” refers to a partial understanding of something. For example, if someone says “I don’t understand the concept completely,” it means they have some understanding of it but not a full comprehension. This phrase is often used to indicate that there is still room for improvement in one’s understanding.

It’s important to understand the difference between these phrases as they can be easily confused. For instance, someone may say “I don’t understand the language at all” when they actually mean “I don’t understand the language completely.” This can lead to misunderstandings and confusion.

In conclusion, “not at all” and “not completely” may seem similar, but they refer to different aspects of a sentence. “Not at all” emphasizes the absence of something, while “not completely” indicates a partial understanding. By understanding these nuances, learners can communicate more effectively and avoid misunderstandings.

Talking about the quality of your performance in something

Ser bueno en/Ser malo en algo

En = at = used for performance

in – on = not used

What are you good at? <—–We are talking about performance

What are you bad at? <—–We are talking about performance

The adjectives can change but not the preposition AT.

Do we use At for performance instead of In and On?

Can we use IN or ON in this case?

When talking about the quality of your performance in doing something, it is important to use the preposition “at” to indicate the specific area or skill in which you excel or struggle. For example, we say “What are you good at?” or “What are you bad at?” to inquire about someone’s performance in a particular area.

It’s important to note that “at” is used specifically for performance, while “in” and “on” are not typically used in this context. Using “in” or “on” would not convey the same meaning or specificity as “at.”

While the adjectives used to describe one’s performance can vary, the preposition “at” remains constant. For instance, one could say “I am good at playing soccer” or “I am bad at math,” but the use of “at” is crucial to convey the specific area of performance being discussed.

In conclusion, when discussing the quality of your performance in something, it is important to use the preposition “at” to indicate the specific area or skill in which you excel or struggle. The use of “in” or “on” in this context would not be appropriate and could lead to confusion.

Ayudas = Help vs. Grant vs. benefits vs. scholarship vs. Aid

vs.

ganancias/beneficios = Profits

The government’s job is to give help to the public to make life easier for their people using policies and resources. They give grants to businesses and academic institutions. Really good students receive scholarships or grants from the educational institutions that have received grants from the government. They also give housing benefit, unemployment benefit and disability benefit to people who are having financial difficulties. Aid is given by countries to other nations in need. People and businesses make a profit doing business by making extra money over the costs they have to pay.

Is help a general word meaning support not necessarily money?

vs.

Who receives grants?
Who receives benefits?
Who receives scholarships?

Who receives aid?

vs.

Who makes a profit?

The word ayuda in Spanish can have multiple translations into English, depending on the context in which it is used. One of the most common translations is “help,” which refers to any type of assistance or support that is provided to someone. For example, when we say “necesito tu ayuda” in Spanish, we can translate it to “I need your help” in English.

However, ayuda can also be translated to “grant” in English. Grants are financial awards given by governments, institutions, or organizations to individuals or groups for a specific purpose. For instance, the government may give grants to businesses or academic institutions to fund their projects or research.

Another translation for ayuda is “benefits.” Benefits are monetary or non-monetary assistance provided by the government or other organizations to individuals or families in need. For example, housing benefits, unemployment benefits, and disability benefits are all types of ayuda that people may receive if they are experiencing financial difficulties.

The word ayuda can also refer to “scholarship” in English. Scholarships are financial awards given to students to support their education. For example, a university may offer a scholarship to a student based on their academic performance or financial need.

Finally, ayuda can be translated to “aid” in English. Aid refers to the assistance provided by one country to another country in need. For example, after a natural disaster, countries may provide aid to the affected nation to help them recover.

On the other hand, the Spanish words ganancias or beneficios are commonly translated to “profits” in English. These words refer to the financial gains made by individuals or businesses after deducting their expenses or costs. For example, when a company makes more money from selling its products or services than it spent on producing them, it has made a profit.

In conclusion, while the word ayuda in Spanish may be translated to “help,” “grant,” “benefits,” “scholarship,” or “aid” in English, the words ganancias or beneficios are typically translated to “profits.” It is essential to understand the context in which these words are used to ensure accurate translation.

vs.

Who makes a profit?

Many times = veces = MANY goes with countable nouns, and the countable meaning of Time/Times is vez/veces

Every time = cada vez

vs.

How many times a week do you go to the gym?Much time/a lot of time =. Tiempo = MUCH/A LOT OF go with uncountable nouns, and the uncountable meaning of TIME is tiempo
all the time = todo el rato
How much time do you spend in the gym when you go there to train?

The English language can be tricky, and one small change can alter the entire context of a sentence. The use of “many times” versus “much time” is an excellent example of this concept.

“Many times” typically refers to frequency and goes with countable nouns. The countable meaning of “time/times” is “vez/veces” in Spanish. For instance, “Every time” means “cada vez” and refers to the number of occurrences of an event.

On the other hand, “much time/a lot of time” means “mucho tiempo” and refers to the amount of time spent on something. This phrase goes with uncountable nouns, and the uncountable meaning of “time” is “tiempo.” For example, “all the time” means “todo el tiempo” and refers to the entire duration of an event.

When asking about gym habits, “How many times a week do you go to the gym?” refers to the number of visits. However, “How much time do you spend in the gym when you go there to train?” refers to the duration of the training session.

In conclusion, the single “s” in “times” changes the meaning of the word and affects the context of the sentence. Therefore, it’s essential to understand the difference between countable and uncountable nouns when using “many times” versus “much time.”

Familiar = only me suena (no tiene nada que ver con la familia o de adn de una persona) = This place looks familiar. Perhaps, you have been there before or seen it on TV. That person there looks familiar. Maybe, you have seen him/her before. They are not a member of your family.

When was the last time you went to a place and thought that the place looked familiar?

On holiday, if someone’s face looked familiar, would you talk to them to clear things up?
vs.
Family = familiar de familia = It’s a family business – We have a family problem – They invited me to a family dinner – John is a family member of mine.

What are some common family problems?

How many members of your family work in the health sector?

What are the pros and cons of a family business?

How do you say ‘Juan es familiar mio’ in English?

The words “familiar” in English and Spanish may look and sound alike, but they have different meanings. In English, “familiar” means something that is recognized or known, but it does not necessarily have anything to do with family or DNA. For example, you might say that a place looks familiar because you have seen it before or that a person looks familiar because you may have seen them before, but they are not a member of your family.

On the other hand, in Spanish, “familiar” refers to something that is related to family or the DNA of a person. For example, you might say that someone is a family member or that you have a family problem.

It’s important to note that the distinction between the two meanings of “familiar” can be crucial, especially when communicating with people who speak different languages. For instance, if you say “Juan es familiar mío” in Spanish, it means that Juan is related to you, like a cousin or an uncle. However, if you translate it directly into English as “Juan is familiar of mine,” it can be confusing or even misleading, as the word “familiar” in English does not convey the same meaning as it does in Spanish.

Furthermore, when talking about family-related issues or topics, it’s crucial to use the word “family” instead of “familiar” in English. For example, you might talk about a family business or a family dinner.

In conclusion, while “familiar” in English and Spanish may share some similarities, they have distinct meanings. In English, it refers to something that is known or recognized, while in Spanish, it also refers to something that is related to family or DNA. When communicating with people from different cultures, it’s important to be aware of these differences to avoid confusion and misunderstandings.

No (me) importa

1: It doesn’t matter = Don’t worry; it doesn’t have any importance = it is not the end of the world. Things will get better soon.
2: I don’t mind = I give permission/no me molesta = it can happen without bothering me
3: I don’t care = no feelings or bad feelings = I don’t give a ####

If a friend loses a job and you want to motivate them, which option would you use?
If someone asks you for a chair you are not using in a bar, which option would you use?
What do rebellious kids tell their parents about things they don’t like?

The phrase “no (me) importa” is a common expression in Spanish that can be translated in different ways depending on the context and tone of the conversation. Here are three different interpretations of this phrase:

It doesn’t matter: This translation is used to convey reassurance and support when someone is upset or anxious about something. For example, if a friend loses their job and is worried about the future, you could say “No importa, las cosas mejorarán pronto” (Don’t worry, things will get better soon). This translation implies that the situation is not a big deal and that things will work out in the end.

I don’t mind: This translation is used to give permission or express that something does not bother you. For example, if someone asks to borrow a chair you are not using in a bar, you could say “No me importa, adelante” (I don’t mind, go ahead). This translation implies that you are okay with the request and that it does not affect you negatively.

I don’t care: This translation is used to convey indifference or even disdain for something. For example, if rebellious kids are asked by their parents to do something they don’t like, they might say “No me importa” (I don’t care) to express their defiance or rebellion. This translation implies that you have no emotional attachment or investment in the situation and that it does not matter to you.

Overall, the phrase “no (me) importa” can have different meanings and connotations depending on the context and tone of the conversation. It is important to understand these nuances in order to use the phrase appropriately and effectively in different situations.

Pareja

A couple = 2 people (unidad de pareja)
What are the difficulties that a couple can face when starting a family?
vs.

A partner = 1 person (cada uno de ellos)
Partner = a few different meanings

(1) Pareja en una relación romantica

What would you do if your partner asked you to move abroad with him/her?

(2) socio en un negocio

Would you ever have a business partner if you owned a business or would you go solo?

(3) pareja en una actividad
How can you help your partner feel more confident in a speaking exam?

Is it correct to say “I am talking to my couple?”

The Spanish word “pareja” can have different translations in English, depending on the context in which it is used. Let’s explore some of these translations and how they differ from one another.

Firstly, “pareja” can be translated as “a couple,” which refers to two people who are in a romantic relationship or partnership. For example, “What are the difficulties that a couple can face when starting a family?” This translation emphasizes the idea of two people as a unit, sharing a romantic bond.

On the other hand, “pareja” can also be translated as “partner,” which refers to an individual in a relationship or partnership. However, this translation can also refer to a business partner or a partner in an activity. For example, “What would you do if your partner asked you to move abroad with him/her?” Here, “partner” refers to the person’s significant other. However, “partner” can also refer to a business partner or partner in an activity, such as “Would you ever have a business partner if you owned a business or would you go solo?” or “How can you help your partner feel more confident in a speaking exam?” This translation emphasizes the individuality of the person and their role in a partnership or group.

It’s worth noting that using “couple” or “partner” can have different connotations and implications, depending on the context. For example, “couple” can imply a romantic relationship, whereas “partner” can imply a more business-like or platonic relationship. Therefore, it’s important to use the appropriate translation depending on the situation.

Finally, it’s important to note that “pareja” is a singular noun in Spanish, meaning “a couple” or “a partner.” Therefore, it would not be correct to say “I am talking to my couple.” Instead, you could say “I am talking to my partner” or “I am talking to my significant other” if you are referring to your romantic partner. If you are referring to a business partner or partner in an activity, you could say “I am talking to my business partner” or “I am talking to my activity partner.”

Probar vs. Aprobar

Try: Experiences/food: Have you tried playing tennis? Have you ever tried Indian food?
Try on: Clothes: Do you try on clothes before you buy them?
Try out: Systems/some products/experiences: How many different methods have you tried out for learning English?
Test (verb): Theories/systems: Why should we test theories before we take them seriously?

Test (noun): during medical check up/academic: When was the last time you had some tests done at the hospital?
Prove: Give evidence: How can you prove your identity?

vs.
Approve: Give permission: Would your parents approve of your going to study/work abroad?

Pass: Do well in a test. What should you do to pass an exam?

Try to do something = Effort

When was the last time you tried to do something in the best way possible but it didn’t work?

vs.

Try doing something = Experiment

When was the last time something wasn’t working and you tried doing something and it worked?

Probar is a versatile Spanish verb that can be translated into English in different ways depending on the context. Here are some of the most common translations:

Try: When probar is used to refer to trying something for the first time, such as food, activities, or experiences, it can be translated as “try”. For example, “¿Has probado la paella?” would be “Have you tried paella?” in English. Similarly, “¿Quieres probar a hacer surf?” would be “Do you want to try surfing?”

Try on: When probar is used in the context of trying on clothes, it can be translated as “try on”. For example, “Voy a probarme esta camisa” would be “I’m going to try on this shirt”.

Try out: When probar is used to refer to experimenting with different methods, products, or experiences, it can be translated as “try out”. For example, “Estoy probando diferentes métodos para aprender inglés” would be “I’m trying out different methods to learn English”.

Test (verb): When probar is used to refer to testing theories or systems, it can be translated as “test”. For example, “Debemos probar la teoría antes de aceptarla” would be “We should test the theory before accepting it”.

Prove: When probar is used to refer to giving evidence or proof, it can be translated as “prove”. For example, “¿Cómo puedes probar tu identidad?” would be “How can you prove your identity?”

When using the expression “try to do something”, probar can be translated as “effort”. For example, “Intenté probar hacer un pastel, pero no me salió bien” would be “I tried to make a cake, but it didn’t turn out well.” On the other hand, when using “try doing something”, probar can be translated as “experiment”. For example, “El reproductor no funcionaba, así que probé a apagarlo y encenderlo” would be “The player wasn’t working, so I tried turning it off and on”.

In summary, probar can be translated into English in various ways, depending on the context in which it is used. It can mean “try”, “try on”, “try out”, “test”, “prove”, “effort”, or “experiment”. It’s important to pay attention to the context in order to choose the most appropriate translation.

autonomo

What is a pro and a con of being self-employed/a self employed person?

What are the pros and cons of being self-employed/a self employed person?

vs.

What skills should an employer have to get the best out of their employees?

What kind of an employer would you make if you were a self employed person who had lots of employees?

The Spanish word “autónomo” has a few different translations in English, depending on the context. It can refer to someone who is self-employed, works as a freelancer, or is an independent contractor. Let’s explore the different ways “autónomo” can be translated in English.

Self-employed:

One of the most common translations of “autónomo” in English is “self-employed.” It refers to someone who works for themselves and is not employed by a company. Being self-employed has its pros and cons. On one hand, it allows for more freedom and flexibility in terms of scheduling and decision-making. On the other hand, it also means taking on all the responsibilities and risks associated with running a business, including financial instability and a lack of job security.

Freelancer:

Another way to translate “autónomo” in English is “freelancer.” A freelancer is someone who works on a project-by-project basis for different clients, rather than being employed by a single company. Freelancers often work in creative fields such as writing, design, or photography, but can also work in areas like consulting or web development. One advantage of being a freelancer is the ability to work on a variety of projects and clients, which can be both challenging and rewarding. However, it can also mean dealing with a fluctuating workload and income.

Independent contractor:

“Independent contractor” is another possible translation of “autónomo” in English. It refers to someone who works on a contract basis for a company or organization, but is not considered an employee. Independent contractors are responsible for their own taxes and often provide their own equipment or workspace. While working as an independent contractor can offer some flexibility and the ability to work with different clients, it can also come with uncertainty and the potential for legal issues if not handled properly.

Overall, the term “autónomo” in Spanish encompasses a wide range of self-employment arrangements, and the English translations reflect this diversity. Whether you are a self-employed professional, a freelancer, or an independent contractor, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons of your situation and make sure you are taking care of yourself both professionally and financially. As for employers, it’s important to have the skills and knowledge to effectively manage and support employees, regardless of their work arrangement.

Fund = Financiar vs. found = Fundar

Fund funded funded

Found founded founded

vs.

Find found found

Who could fund a business that you started?

Vs.

Has anyone founded a successful business in your family?

Vs.

Have you ever found any money lying around?

The English language can be tricky with words that are spelled similarly but have different meanings. Two such words that are often confused are “fund” and “found”. “Fund” is a verb that means to provide financial resources for something, while “found” is a verb that means to establish or create something.

When we use the word “fund”, we are usually talking about financing something, like a project or a business. For example, “Who could fund a business that you started?” means who would be willing to invest in your business venture. The word “fund” is often used in a financial context, and can also refer to the actual amount of money that has been provided for a specific purpose.

On the other hand, when we use the word “found”, we are talking about creating or establishing something new. For example, “Has anyone founded a successful business in your family?” means has anyone in your family established a successful business from scratch. The word “found” is often used in the context of starting or creating something new, such as a company, organization or institution.

It’s important to note that these words are different from “find”, which means to discover or locate something that was lost or hidden. For example, “Have you ever found any money lying around?” means have you ever discovered money that was lost or misplaced.

In summary, while “fund” and “found” may seem similar, they have distinct meanings and uses. “Fund” refers to financing something, while “found” refers to creating or establishing something new. It’s important to use these words correctly to avoid confusion and miscommunication.

Funny = Gracioso = solo de risa = chistes etc. hahahaha
vs.
Fun = Divertido = no necesario de risa = nadar, bailar, correr maratones etc.

Funny – Funnier than – The funniest
vs.
Fun – More fun than – The most fun = an exception to the one syllable adjective rule which is er/est

La diferencia ortografica = Funny tiene Y pero Fun no la tiene.

Who is the funniest comedian for you?
Vs.
Do you know anyone who has fun running marathons?

Who is the most fun person that you know? Is this fun person funny too?

Do you find football training entertaining/fun?

fun = diversión

What do you do for fun?

vs.

diversion = desviación, distracción

What kinds of things do criminals use as a diversion to rob places?

The terms “funny” and “fun” are often used interchangeably in everyday language, but they actually have distinct meanings. “Funny” refers to something that is humorous or causes laughter, such as jokes or comedic performances. On the other hand, “fun” describes activities that are enjoyable and entertaining, such as playing sports, going to parties, or watching movies.

When it comes to comparing degrees of humor or enjoyment, “funny” follows the typical comparative form of adding “er” or “est” to the end of the adjective, while “fun” requires the use of “more” or “most” to form its comparative and superlative forms, respectively. This is an exception to the general rule for one-syllable adjectives, which usually add “er” or “est”.

It’s worth noting that “funny” contains the letter “y” while “fun” does not, but this distinction is purely a matter of spelling and has no impact on the meanings of the words.

When discussing preferences for humorous individuals, the question “Who is the funniest comedian for you?” would be appropriate. This focuses on a person’s comedic abilities and their ability to make others laugh. Conversely, when discussing people who are enjoyable to be around, the question “Who is the most fun person that you know?” would be more suitable. This question focuses on a person’s overall level of enjoyment and entertainment value, and whether or not they have a good sense of humor is not necessarily a determining factor.

For activities like football training, the word “fun” would be more appropriate than “funny”. Asking “Do you find football training entertaining/fun?” would be a more natural way to inquire about someone’s enjoyment of the sport.

When asking about activities for enjoyment, “fun” and “diversion” are often used interchangeably, but they do have slightly different connotations. “Fun” is more commonly used to describe activities that are meant to be enjoyable and lighthearted, while “diversion” can refer to anything that serves as a distraction or temporary escape, such as a hobby or a leisure activity. For example, the question “What do you do for fun?” would be asking about someone’s leisure activities, while “What kinds of things do criminals use as a diversion to rob places?” would be asking about tactics or strategies that are used to distract or misdirect people in order to carry out a crime.

Overall, understanding the subtle differences between “funny” and “fun” can help you communicate more effectively and express your preferences more clearly in conversations about humor and entertainment.

apply for = Positions/post = puesto de trabajo

What kinds of jobs would you apply for?

vs.

apply to = Companies/entities

What kinds of companies/places would you apply to?

The difference between “apply for” and “apply to” is that “apply for” is used when referring to a specific job or position, while “apply to” is used when referring to a company or entity as a whole.

When we use “apply for,” we are indicating that we are interested in a particular job or position, and we are submitting an application for that specific position. For example, “I am going to apply for the marketing manager position at ABC Company.” In this case, the person is indicating that they are interested in a specific job and will be submitting an application for that position.

On the other hand, when we use “apply to,” we are indicating that we are interested in working for a particular company or entity, and we are submitting our application to that company or entity. For example, “I am going to apply to ABC Company for a marketing position.” In this case, the person is indicating that they are interested in working for ABC Company and are applying for any marketing position available.

In summary, “apply for” is used when referring to a specific job or position, while “apply to” is used when referring to a company or entity as a whole. It is essential to use the correct preposition when applying for jobs to avoid any confusion.

What would you do to fit in quickly when you join a firm/go to the university? Encajarse en un sitio

vs.

When was the last time an item of clothing didn’t fit you after you washed it in the washing machine? Caber

vs.

What kinds of posts/positions would suit you? It is good/It’s convenient/conviene/quedar bien

vs.

How hard would it be to work with people whose work ethics didn’t match yours?

Which colours don’t match? To go together with/emparejarse

When learning a new language, it’s important to understand the nuances between similar verbs that can often be confusing. In English, the verbs “fit,” “fit in,” “suit,” and “match” are all related to the idea of compatibility or appropriateness, but they each have distinct meanings and contexts in which they are used.

The verb “fit” refers to whether or not something physically fits into a space or on a person’s body. For example, the question “When was the last time an item of clothing didn’t fit you after you washed it in the washing machine?” is asking about the physical size and shape of an article of clothing after it has been washed. It can also be used in a more abstract sense to describe whether something is suitable or appropriate, such as saying “The new employee seems to fit well with the team.”

The phrase “fit in” refers specifically to whether or not someone is able to acclimate to a new social or cultural environment. The question “What would you do to fit in quickly when you join a firm/go to the university?” is asking about how to adapt and conform to the social norms and expectations of a new workplace or academic community.

The verb “suit” is used to describe whether something is appropriate or well-matched for a particular purpose or person. For example, the question “What kinds of posts/positions would suit you?” is asking about a person’s abilities and interests, and which job positions would be a good fit for them. It can also be used to describe whether something looks good or is flattering, such as saying “That color really suits you.”

The verb “match” refers to whether or not two things complement or go well together. The question “Which colors don’t match?” is asking about color combinations that clash or don’t coordinate well. It can also be used in a broader sense to describe whether two people or things are compatible, such as saying “I think their personalities really match well.”

Understanding the differences between these verbs can help learners communicate more effectively and express their thoughts and ideas more precisely. By mastering the subtle nuances of each verb, learners can become more confident and effective in their language skills.

The problem with the S with the word WORK

Works vs. Work vs. Job/Jobs

Works = obra de contruccion = no existe singular

Are there any works happening in your city?

vs.

a work of art/2 works of art = singular and plural = obra or obras de arte

Which works of art do you really appreciate?

vs.

Work = trabajo o trabajar = uncountable noun = it doesn’t have a plural form

A Job/2 Jobs = trabajo/s = countable .

Where do you work? Is your work easy or hard?

How many works have you had in your life? Incorrect

How many jobs have you had in your life? Correct

The word JOB can also refer to a task/tarea.

How many jobs do you have to do at work today?

How well did your brother do the job at the family barbecue making the food?

Besides illnesses, what else can over-working give you?

What are you helping to develop at work at the moment?

How often do you interact with your co-workers outside of working hours?

What’s your staring time and finishing time at work?

When it comes to learning a new language, it’s important to pay close attention to the nuances of words and how they are used in context. One common mistake that Spanish learners of English often make is adding an “s” to the word “work” to make it plural, as they would in Spanish with the word “trabajo.” However, this is a grammatical error that should be avoided.

The word “work” in English is an uncountable noun, which means that it cannot be made plural by adding an “s.” This is because “work” refers to the general concept of labor or employment, rather than a specific number of tasks or jobs. For example, you might say “I have a lot of work to do today,” but you would never say “I have a lot of works to do today.”

The confusion may arise from the fact that the word “job” is a countable noun, which means that it can be made plural by adding an “s.” However, “job” refers to a specific position or task, rather than the general concept of labor. For example, you might say “I have two jobs,” but you would never say “I have two works.”

In addition to avoiding the incorrect use of the plural form of “work,” it’s important to use the correct word for the situation. “Job” refers specifically to a paid position, while “work” can refer to any kind of labor or effort, paid or unpaid. “Works,” on the other hand, refers specifically to construction projects or artistic creations.

Understanding the nuances of these words is important for effective communication in English. Using the correct form of the word can help you to express your ideas more clearly and avoid confusion. For example, if you were to ask “How many works have you had in your life?” instead of “How many jobs have you had in your life?” it might be unclear what you are asking about.

In addition to using the correct forms of these words, it’s important to consider the context in which they are used. Asking questions about someone’s work, job, or tasks can help to build rapport and show interest in their daily life. For example, asking about someone’s starting and finishing time at work can help to understand their daily routine, while asking about their interactions with co-workers can help to build a sense of camaraderie. By paying attention to the nuances of language and using the correct forms of words, you can become a more effective communicator in English.

V: Commit (comprometer) vs. Compromise (ceder)
N: Commitment = compromiso vs. Compromise = la solución intermedia/la cesión

be compromised = estar afectado negativamente/verse comprometido

How committed are you to your work/studies?

What kinds of commitments do you have nowadays?
vs.
Why is it important to compromise and leave your position/desires (ceder) and meet in the middle in relationships?

Talk about some compromises people make in their life.

vs.

Talk about a moment when your plans/someone’s plans were compromised?

Commit and compromise are two words that can easily be confused as false friends between English and Spanish. Although they have similar meanings, they are used in different contexts and have different nuances.

The verb commit in English means to pledge, promise, or obligate oneself to do something. For example, if you commit to a task, you are saying that you will do everything possible to complete it. This verb is often used in a professional or personal context, and it implies a strong dedication to the task at hand. In Spanish, the verb comprometer is often used to convey a similar meaning.

On the other hand, the verb compromise in English means to give up or concede something in order to reach a middle ground or solution that is acceptable to all parties involved. In Spanish, the verb ceder is used to convey this meaning. Compromise is often necessary in order to resolve conflicts or come to an agreement in personal or professional relationships.

Similarly, the nouns commitment and compromise have different meanings. Commitment refers to a promise or pledge to do something, such as a commitment to a job or a relationship. It implies a sense of duty or responsibility. In Spanish, the word compromiso is used to convey this meaning. Compromise, on the other hand, refers to a solution that is reached through mutual concessions or agreements between parties. It implies a willingness to work together and find common ground.

Lastly, the phrase “be compromised” in English means to be negatively affected or put in a difficult position. This phrase can refer to a situation where one’s reputation or integrity is at risk. In Spanish, the phrase “verse comprometido” is used to convey a similar meaning.

In conclusion, while the words commit and compromise may seem similar, they have distinct meanings and contexts in both English and Spanish. Understanding these differences can help avoid misunderstandings and communicate more effectively in both personal and professional settings.

ganar, ganar, ganar, ganar

win vs. earn vs. gain vs. make

win = competitions/the lottery

Have you ever won the lottery/competition?
earn = salary

How much does a doctor earn in your country?
make = salary or from business

How can you make money on the Internet?

gain + collocation words only

How can you gain the respect of your colleagues?
You can gain weight, speed or momentum, as in ‘The toboggan sped down the hill, gaining momentum‘. You can also gain an advantage, as in ‘Some people try to gain an advantage by using their personal contacts’. Gain also goes with nouns such as access, admission and entry, as in ‘He gained entry to the building using a fake pass’. Other nouns frequently used with gain include experience, acceptance, ground and time.

The Spanish word “ganar” can be translated into many different words in English, depending on the context in which it is used. The most common translations are win, earn, gain, and make. Each of these words has a specific meaning and usage, which we will explore in this article.

Win is used to describe a victory in a competition or the lottery. For example, “Have you ever won the lottery?” or “Did you win the race?” The focus is on achieving success over others and being declared the winner.

Earn is used to describe the amount of money received in exchange for work done. For example, “How much does a doctor earn in your country?” The focus is on the salary or income earned from a job or profession.

Make is used to describe the process of creating or earning something. For example, “How can you make money on the Internet?” The focus is on the act of generating income or creating something of value.

Gain, on the other hand, is a more versatile word that can be used in a variety of contexts. It is often used in combination with other words to describe the process of acquiring or achieving something. For example, “How can you gain the respect of your colleagues?” In this context, the focus is on achieving respect or admiration from others.

In addition to the examples above, gain can also be used to describe an increase in weight, speed, or momentum. For example, “The toboggan sped down the hill, gaining momentum.” It can also be used to describe an advantage, as in “Some people try to gain an advantage by using their personal contacts.” Gain is also commonly used with nouns such as access, admission, and entry, as in “He gained entry to the building using a fake pass.” Other nouns frequently used with gain include experience, acceptance, ground, and time.

In conclusion, the Spanish word “ganar” can be translated into many different words in English, depending on the context in which it is used. Win, earn, gain, and make are all valid translations, each with its own specific meaning and usage. Understanding the nuances of these words is essential for effective communication in both Spanish and English.

discuss = have analytical conversations which are positive/good/excellent

vs.

argue = discutir (bad)

analytical conversations = good = discuss

Why is it really important and productive to have regular discussions with people about different matters who you are working/living with?

How often do you discuss important things with your colleagues/family?

vs.

argue = discutir (bad) verb

argument = discusion mala (noun)

When was the last time you argued with someone? Discutir (mal)

How can you avoid arguments with people?

How can you prevent arguments between people?

How can you make sure that a discussion doesn’t end up becoming an argument?

Is it possible to translate discutir as discuss?

argumento = plot of a movie/book

Describe the plot of the last book you read/the last movie you saw.

a piece of land = a plot = parcela

Do you own any plots? Are there any plots for sale in your neighbourhood?

package/parcel = paquete

When was the last time you received a parcel?

The words “discuss” and “argue” are often confused as they appear to have similar meanings, but they are not interchangeable. “Discuss” refers to having an analytical conversation which is positive, good or excellent, while “argue” is used to express disagreement or conflict.

Having discussions with people is an essential part of human communication. We discuss things to gain knowledge, share ideas, and improve understanding. Regular discussions can help build stronger relationships, especially with those we live or work with. Discussing important matters with family, colleagues, or friends can lead to better decision-making, and can help prevent misunderstandings or conflicts.

On the other hand, arguing with someone is not a desirable outcome in most situations. Arguments usually result in negative emotions, such as anger or frustration, which can damage relationships. It is important to learn how to avoid arguments and find ways to prevent them from escalating. This can be done by trying to understand the other person’s perspective, being respectful, and actively listening.

One way to prevent a discussion from turning into an argument is to establish clear communication guidelines. For example, agree to listen to each other’s opinions without interrupting or raising one’s voice. Both parties should feel heard and respected, even if they don’t agree on everything.

It is not possible to translate “discutir” directly as “discuss” as the two words have different connotations. “Discutir” in Spanish implies a negative and confrontational tone, whereas “discuss” in English is more neutral and positive.

The word “argumento” in Spanish refers to the plot of a movie or book, not to an argument in the English sense. It is important to understand the context in which a word is used to avoid confusion.

Similarly, the Spanish word “parcela” can refer to a plot of land, whereas in English, the word “plot” can also be used to describe the storyline of a movie or book.

Finally, the word “paquete” in Spanish means “package” or “parcel,” which are used interchangeably in English.

In conclusion, it is essential to understand the nuances of words and their meanings in different languages. Misusing words can lead to misunderstandings, confusion, and even conflict. It is important to use the right words to express our thoughts accurately and to communicate effectively with others.

avoid = Esquivarlo

How can you avoid problems with the law?

vs.

prevent something from happening = Stop something from happening

How can you prevent your children from getting into problems with the law?

avoid = Esquivarlo

How do you avoid being/getting infected?

vs.

prevent something from happening = Stop something from happening

If you have a cold, how do you prevent other people from being infected by you?

Avoid and prevent are two words that are often used interchangeably, but they actually have distinct meanings. Avoid means to evade or stay away from something, while prevent means to stop something from happening. In Spanish, avoid can be translated as “esquivar” while prevent can be translated as “prevenir” or “evitar”.

When it comes to legal matters, it is important to know how to avoid problems with the law. This can be achieved by following the law, avoiding illegal activities, and seeking legal advice when needed. For instance, if you want to avoid getting a traffic ticket, you should follow traffic rules and regulations, drive within the speed limit, and avoid reckless driving.

On the other hand, preventing something from happening means taking proactive measures to stop something from occurring. For example, parents can prevent their children from getting into problems with the law by setting clear boundaries, instilling good values, and monitoring their children’s activities. They can also educate their children about the consequences of breaking the law and provide guidance and support when needed.

In terms of health, avoiding and preventing are also important concepts. To avoid getting infected with a disease, you should practice good hygiene, such as washing your hands regularly, avoiding close contact with sick people, and covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. However, if you already have a cold or flu, it is important to take measures to prevent the spread of the disease to others, such as staying home, wearing a mask, and avoiding close contact with others.

In conclusion, while avoid and prevent may seem similar, they have different meanings and applications. Knowing when to use each term correctly can help you communicate your ideas more effectively in both English and Spanish. Whether it is avoiding legal problems or preventing the spread of disease, taking proactive measures can help you lead a safer and healthier life.

Confianza

You are confident. = seguro de ti mismo
How important is it to be confident when you are doing a task?

vs.
I trust you. = Confio en ti (en otros)
Would you trust all your friends with your money?

Do you have anybody you could rely on/count on/depend on to take care of you if you are ill/sick? Contar con

vs.

How important is it to completely trust your partner in a relationship?

How important is it to have complete trust in your partner in a relationship? (close your eyes)

vs.

Does your boss have confidence in you to work independently from home? (task related)

vs.

How important is it to be confident/have confidence in life? (tener confianza en si mismo)

Confidence, or “confianza” in Spanish, is a critical aspect of human interaction and success. In the English language, it can be expressed in various ways, including “you are confident,” “I trust you,” and “do you have anyone you could rely on.” Understanding the subtle differences between these phrases is essential for Spanish speakers who are trying to learn English and communicate effectively in a variety of contexts.

Firstly, “you are confident” means that the person is self-assured, comfortable, and capable when performing a task. It is crucial to be confident when undertaking a task, as it helps to boost productivity and morale. In contrast, “I trust you” is used when expressing confidence in another person, indicating that they can be relied upon to fulfill a particular responsibility or task. However, this trust should not be misplaced, and it is important to remember that not everyone is trustworthy or capable of fulfilling the responsibility.

The phrase “Would you trust all your friends with your money?” highlights the idea that not everyone can be trusted. This question is used to test the level of trust between people, especially when it comes to matters involving money. It is essential to establish trust with friends and family, but it is also important to be cautious when it comes to financial matters.

The phrase “Do you have anybody you could rely on/count on/depend on to take care of you if you are ill/sick?” is used to inquire about the availability of someone to provide assistance or support in case of an emergency. “Contar con” or “to count on” someone means having complete trust and faith in the person’s ability to provide help when it is needed. This phrase is used to build and strengthen relationships, especially during challenging times.

In a romantic context, “completely trusting your partner” means having complete faith in their fidelity, intentions, and decision-making skills. Trust is a critical component of any relationship, and without it, the relationship is likely to fail. The phrase “Does your boss have confidence in you to work independently from home?” is used to test one’s confidence in their abilities. It is important to trust in one’s ability to work independently and accomplish tasks without constant supervision.

Lastly, “having confidence in life” means having faith in oneself and one’s abilities to navigate the challenges and opportunities presented in life. Confidence is a critical component of success, and it is important to cultivate it both professionally and personally. By understanding the different ways in which confidence can be expressed in the English language, Spanish speakers can communicate more effectively and build stronger relationships in all areas of life.

season vs. season

estacion

When does the summer season begin?

vs.

temporada

Do you prefer this season’s fashion compared to the one gone?

In English, the word “season” can have different meanings depending on the context. Similarly, in Spanish, the word “estación” and “temporada” can both refer to the concept of “season,” but with slightly different nuances. Let’s explore these differences.

“Estación” refers to the four seasons of the year: spring (primavera), summer (verano), autumn/fall (otoño), and winter (invierno). When someone asks “¿Cuándo comienza la temporada de verano?” (When does the summer season begin?), they are referring to the meteorological season, which is marked by a change in climate and weather patterns.

On the other hand, “temporada” refers to a specific period of time that is associated with a certain activity or event. For example, “temporada de fútbol” (football season) refers to the period of time when the football leagues are active, usually from late summer to early spring. “Temporada de vacaciones” (holiday season) refers to the period of time when many people take time off work or school to travel and relax, usually during the summer months.

As we can see, while “estación” refers to a natural phenomenon related to the weather, “temporada” is associated with human activities and events. In the context of fashion, when someone says “¿Prefieres la moda de esta temporada en comparación con la anterior?” (Do you prefer this season’s fashion compared to the one gone?), they are using “temporada” to refer to the current period of time when new fashion trends are being showcased and promoted.

It’s important to note that in some cases, “temporada” and “estación” can overlap. For example, “temporada de invierno” (winter season) can refer to both the period of time when winter activities and events take place, as well as the meteorological season of winter.

In conclusion, while both “estación” and “temporada” can be translated as “season” in English, they have slightly different meanings and contexts of use. “Estación” refers to the natural phenomena of the four seasons, while “temporada” refers to a specific period of time associated with human activities and events.

estado de tener prejuicios (political/gender related/patriotic, religious etc)

What are the different types of chauvinism?

vs.

feminismo

What are the goals defined by feminism and how far are we from them?

vs.

machismo

What is being done to deal with male chauvinism?

vs.

masculinidad

Why do some women like macho men/machismo?

The concepts of chauvinism, feminism, machismo, and masculinity are all related to ideas of gender, power, and prejudice. While these terms may share some similarities, they also have distinct meanings and implications.

Chauvinism refers to the state of having prejudiced beliefs or attitudes towards a particular group, often related to issues of gender, nationality, religion, or politics. For example, male chauvinism refers to the belief in male superiority and dominance, while patriotic chauvinism refers to the excessive or irrational devotion to one’s own country.

Feminism, on the other hand, is a movement that advocates for gender equality and the rights of women. Feminism seeks to challenge and change the societal norms and structures that perpetuate gender inequality, discrimination, and oppression. The goals of feminism include achieving equal pay and opportunities for women in the workforce, ending violence against women, and promoting reproductive rights.

Machismo is a term used to describe a strong or exaggerated sense of masculinity, often associated with a belief in male dominance and aggression. It can lead to harmful behaviors and attitudes towards women, as well as other men who do not conform to traditional ideas of masculinity. Efforts to address machismo include promoting positive masculinity, challenging harmful gender stereotypes, and promoting gender equality.

Masculinity is a broad term that encompasses the qualities, behaviors, and roles traditionally associated with men. It can include traits such as strength, independence, and courage, as well as vulnerability, emotional intelligence, and empathy. While some women may be attracted to traditionally masculine traits, it is important to recognize that these qualities do not need to be exclusive to men and that gender should not limit one’s ability to express themselves in a diverse range of ways.

In summary, these terms all relate to ideas of gender, power, and prejudice, but they each have distinct meanings and implications. Understanding these concepts and working towards promoting equality, diversity, and respect for all individuals is essential in creating a more just and equitable society.

run errands: Hacer recados

When do you normally run errands?

vs.

tasks = Tareas

What are some daily tasks people do/perform/carry out at work?

vs.

chores = Tarea de casa

What is your least favourite chore at home?

When it comes to managing our daily lives, there are a few types of responsibilities that we need to take care of regularly. These can be categorized into tasks, chores, and errands. Each of these types of responsibilities serves a specific purpose and requires a different approach to handle them efficiently.

One of the most common responsibilities that we need to take care of is running errands. Errands are the small tasks that we need to perform outside our regular routine, such as picking up groceries, dropping off a package, or filling up gas in our cars. These errands can be time-consuming and can disrupt our daily schedule, but they are essential for maintaining a smooth routine. In Spanish, the phrase used for running errands is “hacer recados,” which refers to the various small tasks we perform outside our daily routine.

In contrast to errands, tasks are the responsibilities that we need to take care of at work. These tasks can vary from person to person and depend on their job responsibilities. Tasks can include things like attending meetings, responding to emails, completing assignments, and more. These tasks are usually planned and scheduled as part of our work routine, and we are expected to perform them efficiently and effectively.

Chores, on the other hand, refer to the tasks we perform at home. These can include cleaning, doing laundry, washing dishes, and more. Chores are essential for maintaining a clean and organized home, but they can often feel tedious and time-consuming. It’s not uncommon to have a least favorite chore, whether it’s scrubbing the bathroom or vacuuming the house.

Overall, managing our daily responsibilities requires us to handle various tasks, chores, and errands efficiently. By organizing our responsibilities and prioritizing them, we can ensure that we complete them on time and maintain a smooth routine. Whether it’s running errands, completing tasks at work, or tackling chores at home, each responsibility plays a crucial role in our daily lives.

Be worth + ing = It’s not worth making the sacrifice = valer la pena
Be worth + it + to inf = It is not worth it to make a sacrifice = valer la pena

What difference in form have you noticed in the two structures?

Is the meaning different?

Be worth + ing = It’s not worth making the sacrifice = valer la pena

Is it worth learning a foreign language?

Be worth + it + to inf = It is not worth it to make a sacrifice = valer la pena
Is it worth it to learn a foreign language?

The English language has many different structures and expressions that can be confusing for learners. One such example is the difference between “be worth + ing” and “be worth + it + to inf”. These two structures may seem similar, but there are some key differences in form and meaning that learners should be aware of.

“Be worth + ing” is used to describe a situation or action that is worth doing or undertaking. It is often used in a negative sense to describe something that is not worth the effort or sacrifice. For example, “It’s not worth making the sacrifice” implies that the sacrifice is not valuable or important enough to justify the effort required to make it.

On the other hand, “be worth + it + to inf” is also used to describe a situation or action that is worth doing, but with a slightly different emphasis. In this case, the “it” refers to the effort or sacrifice required to achieve the goal, rather than the goal itself. For example, “Is it worth it to learn a foreign language?” implies that the effort required to learn a foreign language is being questioned, rather than the value of learning a foreign language.

The difference in form between these two structures lies in the use of the pronoun “it” and the infinitive form of the verb. In “be worth + ing”, there is no pronoun used and the verb is in the gerund form (-ing). In “be worth + it + to inf”, the pronoun “it” is used to refer to the effort or sacrifice, and the verb is in the infinitive form (to + verb).

While the meanings of these two structures are similar, there is a subtle difference in emphasis that can affect how they are used. “Be worth + ing” is more commonly used in a negative sense to express that something is not worth the effort or sacrifice, while “be worth + it + to inf” is used to question whether the effort or sacrifice required is justified in achieving the desired goal.

In conclusion, understanding the difference between “be worth + ing” and “be worth + it + to inf” is important for learners of English. While they may seem similar, there are differences in form and emphasis that can affect their usage. Whether it’s deciding whether to learn a foreign language or determining whether a sacrifice is worth making, these structures can help convey the value or lack thereof of a particular action or situation.

Journey = trayecto de un viaje
How long does the journey take from your house to your workplace/school?

vs.

Working day = jornada laboral
How long should an ideal working day be for maximum productivity?

Is the journey to the capital of your country longer than the length of your working day?

day’s wages = jornal/salario de un dia

Is it still common for people to work on day’s wages in your area?

vs.

journal = diario, revista cientifica

Do you know anyone who reads scientific journals regularly or writes for them?

As with many words and phrases, there are often differences between how they are used and understood in Spanish and English. This is certainly true for the concepts of “journey,” “working day,” “day’s wages,” and “journal.”

In Spanish, “journey” is typically translated as “trayecto de un viaje,” which emphasizes the distance or route of a trip. For example, you might ask someone “¿Cuánto tiempo dura el trayecto de tu casa al trabajo?” (How long does the journey take from your house to your workplace?) This phrasing focuses on the physical distance and time it takes to travel, rather than the actual act of traveling.

On the other hand, in English, “journey” can also be a more general term that can refer to any travel experience, regardless of distance or mode of transportation. You might ask someone “How was your journey?” after they’ve returned from a trip, which could include their overall experience, any challenges or highlights, and more.

Moving on to “working day,” in Spanish this is typically referred to as “jornada laboral,” which directly translates to “labor day.” In English, “working day” is a more general term that simply refers to the hours or time spent working. For example, you might ask “How many hours is a typical working day for you?” This phrasing focuses on the duration of work, rather than the specific nature or context of that work.

Similarly, “day’s wages” in Spanish is often referred to as “jornal” or “salario de un día,” which emphasizes the payment for a single day of work. In English, “day’s wages” is not commonly used, with “daily wage” or “daily rate” being more common alternatives.

Lastly, “journal” has different meanings in Spanish and English. In Spanish, “journal” is often translated as “diario,” which can refer to a daily newspaper or diary. In English, “journal” usually refers to a scientific or academic publication, often containing research articles or scholarly writing.

To sum up, these examples show how even seemingly straightforward concepts can have subtle differences in translation and usage between Spanish and English. Understanding these nuances can help improve communication and avoid misunderstandings in both personal and professional settings.

flip flops = la chancleta de dedo

Do you wear flip flops or slippers at the beach?

vs.

slippers = la chancleta deportiva/de banda

Do you have a pair of slippers to wear around the house?

Flip flops, also known as “la chancleta de dedo” in Spanish, are a type of open-toed sandals that are held onto the foot with a thong between the big toe and the second toe. They are typically made of rubber or plastic and are commonly worn during the summer months, particularly at the beach or pool.

On the other hand, slippers, or “la chancleta deportiva/de banda” in Spanish, are more like slip-on shoes, typically made of soft, comfortable material like fleece or cotton, with a rubber sole. They are worn primarily indoors, particularly around the house for comfort and warmth. There are also slippers that are made of plastic and other synthetic materials for use around water.

So, while both flip flops and slippers are types of footwear that are easy to slip on and off, they are used in different settings and for different purposes.

to please = agradecer a alguien

to be pleased = estar contento

vs.

pleasant = agradable

How pleased are you when you see pleasant things? Which pleasant things please you?

vs.

How displeased are you when you see unpleasant things? Which unpleasant things displease you?

The verb “to please” means to make someone happy or satisfied by doing something for them or providing them with something they like. For example, if someone gives you a gift that you really like, you might say “thank you, that pleases me”. On the other hand, “to be pleased” means to feel happy or satisfied about something. For example, if you received a good grade on a test, you might say “I am pleased with my performance”.

Meanwhile, “pleasant” refers to something that is enjoyable or pleasing to the senses. For example, a warm summer breeze or the smell of fresh flowers can be described as pleasant. When we see pleasant things, we feel pleased or content. On the other hand, when we see unpleasant things, we feel displeased or unhappy. Unpleasant things could include things like bad smells, loud noises, or negative news.

Well – Unwell = salud

Good – Bad = emotions or ethics

de salud = estoy un poco mal = Spanish meaning is mala salud

English = I am a little bad = soy un poco malvado = mal carácter

I am good = expresses that I am OK, but I am bad only refers to bad intentions.

How pleased would you be to see a friend looking well after their recent Covid illness?

When was the last time you were unwell?

vs.

Why is it important to look good in social situations? Appearance

What makes you feel good? What makes you feel bad?

The words “well” and “unwell” are often used to refer to one’s health. In Spanish, “estar bien” refers to being in good health, while “estar mal” refers to being in poor health. On the other hand, in English, “good” and “bad” can refer to both emotions or ethics, as well as to one’s health. “Good” is often used to describe positive emotions, actions or qualities, while “bad” can refer to negative emotions or intentions.

If a friend has recently recovered from Covid-19, it would be pleasing to see them looking well and healthy again. On the other hand, if you have been unwell recently, it is important to prioritize rest and self-care to recover fully.

In social situations, it can be important to look good to make a good impression on others. However, it is also important to prioritize feeling good internally, rather than just focusing on external appearance. Engaging in activities that bring joy and fulfillment, spending time with loved ones, and practicing self-care can all contribute to feeling good. On the other hand, negative experiences or emotions, such as stress or anxiety, can make one feel bad.

casualty = victima
casualty of war = victima de la Guerra
How many casualties were there in The Second World War?

vs.
chance = oportunidad

Would you give a liar a second chance if you were the boss?

vs.
by chance = por casualidad – eventualmente
Have you ever met a friend while on holiday abroad by chance?

vs.

eventually = al final, a la larga

Is there anything you are currently avoiding doing but eventually will have to do?

Casualty and chance are two words that have distinct meanings and are not related to each other.

Casualty refers to a person who is injured or killed in an accident, disaster, or war. For example, a casualty of war refers to a victim of a conflict, and knowing the number of casualties in a war can help us understand the scale of the conflict.

On the other hand, chance refers to the possibility of something happening or the probability of an event occurring. For instance, giving a liar a second chance depends on the chance of them repeating their behavior, and meeting a friend on holiday by chance is a matter of coincidence or luck.

By chance is a phrase that means accidentally or unexpectedly, and it is often used when something happens that was not planned or intended. For example, meeting a friend while on holiday abroad by chance suggests that the meeting was unplanned or a lucky coincidence.

Eventually means finally or ultimately, and it suggests that something will happen after some time or at some point in the future. For instance, there may be tasks that we are avoiding now but eventually will have to do, and the word eventually emphasizes the inevitability of the action.

Deal with = solucionar – afrontar – aguantar – tratar con

Solucionar/Resolver: Would you be able to deal with math problems without a calculator? How would you deal with a family problem?

Afrontar: What is the toughest problem that you have had to deal with?

Aguantar: How long would you be able to deal with someone who is trying to bully you?

Tratar con: How do you deal with your workmates/classmates?

The phrasal verb “deal with” has multiple meanings and uses in English. One of the most common meanings is “to solve” or “to handle a problem.” For example, one might say, “I need to deal with this issue at work” or “I am trying to figure out how to deal with my financial situation.”

Another meaning of “deal with” is “to face” or “to confront.” In this sense, it is often used to describe dealing with difficult or challenging situations, such as a personal crisis or a difficult boss at work. For example, one might say, “I had to deal with a lot of stress when my father passed away” or “I am not sure how I am going to deal with this upcoming project deadline.”

A third meaning of “deal with” is “to tolerate” or “to put up with.” This is often used to describe dealing with annoying or frustrating people or situations, such as a noisy neighbor or a difficult customer. For example, one might say, “I can’t deal with this traffic every day” or “I had to deal with my coworker’s constant complaining.”

Finally, “deal with” can also mean “to interact with” or “to manage.” For example, one might say, “I need to learn how to deal with difficult customers” or “I am trying to figure out how to deal with my coworkers’ different personalities.”

Do we use the article THE with the words Last and Next with calendar words like Week, Month, Year? No

See you next week.

What did you do last weekend?

What are you going to do next weekend?

vs.

What happened in the last book you read/the last movie you saw/the last event you went to?

In English, we do not use the definite article “the” with the words “last” and “next” when they are used with calendar words like week, month, or year. This means that we would say “See you next week,” “What did you do last weekend?” and “What are you going to do next weekend?” instead of “See you the next week,” “What did you do the last weekend?” and “What are you going to do the next weekend?”

However, when we use “last” and “next” with specific nouns such as book, movie or event, we do use “the”. For example, “What happened in the last book you read?” or “What was your favorite part of the next event you’re attending?”

Prepositions come at the end of Questions, Relative clauses and Passive sentences.

This is the best company I have been in.
I have been in this company and it is the best ever.
If you say, It’s the best company I have been, (leaving the preposition) this means, tu eres una empresa
You have been in this company and this is the company which you have been in.
Don’t leave the dependent preposition behind.
I am looking at this thing. This is the thing which I am looking at.
I depend on you. You are the person who I depend on.
This is being looked at.
You are being depended on.
Where are you from?
Who is this for?

What’s the best city that you have been in?

Who is the best boss that you have worked for?

Who is the best teacher that you have studied with?
What’s the best company you have been in?
What’s the most difficult situation you have been in?

Which grammar point is being looked at?

What are you studying English for?

Do we find prepositions at the end in QUESTIONS, RELATIVE CLAUSES and PASSIVE SENTENCES?

Prepositions are an essential part of the English language, providing clarity and specificity to our speech and writing. However, when it comes to Questions, Relative clauses, and Passive sentences, prepositions can become a bit tricky as they are commonly found at the end of the sentence.

In these types of sentences, the preposition is known as a dependent preposition, meaning that it cannot stand alone without a preceding word. For example, in the sentence “What are you studying English for?” the preposition “for” is dependent on the verb “studying,” and it cannot be removed or placed in another part of the sentence without changing the meaning.

When using relative clauses, we need to be careful not to leave the dependent preposition behind. For instance, in the sentence “This is the thing which I am looking at,” we must include the preposition “at” at the end of the sentence to clarify the action. Leaving it behind could make the sentence ambiguous or nonsensical.

Another instance where prepositions come at the end of a sentence is in passive sentences. In the sentence “You are being depended on,” the preposition “on” is used to indicate the object of the verb “depend,” which in this case, is “you.” Placing the preposition before the object would make the sentence grammatically incorrect and unclear.

In questions, prepositions often come at the end of the sentence to seek more specific information. For example, in the question “What’s the best city that you have been in?” the preposition “in” is used to clarify the location of the city. This structure is commonly used in English, and it is considered grammatically correct.

In conclusion, prepositions coming at the end of Questions, Relative clauses, and Passive sentences are a crucial aspect of English grammar. While it may seem confusing at first, understanding how and when to use dependent prepositions can help us communicate more effectively and efficiently. So next time you encounter a sentence with a preposition at the end, don’t be afraid to embrace it!

Actual: the English Word = que es real y no es falso
What is the actual job description of a ghost-writer?

Were you able to distinguish between your actual friends and others who were not really your friends at school but spoke to you regularly?

vs.
Actual de ahora: the Spanish Word = Current
Who is the current president of your country?

Who are your current friends?

Are all your current classmates/workmates your friends actually?

The word “actual” can have different meanings depending on the context and the language. In English, “actual” refers to something that is real and not false or imagined. For example, an actual job description of a ghost-writer is the real job description and not a false or imagined one.

In Spanish, “actual” means current. So when asking who is the current president of your country, you are asking who is currently holding that position. Similarly, when referring to your current friends, you are talking about the friends you have right now.

It’s important to note that just because someone is your current classmate or workmate, it doesn’t necessarily mean they are your friend. So while all your current classmates or workmates may be actual in the sense that they are real, not false or imagined, not all of them may be your actual friends.

What is the difference between finish, end, complete and end up?

terminar algo que despues no existiera

_______________I

What time does this class finish? Finalizar

How do you end your day? Finalizar

Have you ever had difficulty in completing a sentence? Finalizar

vs.

cambio de una situación a otra

_______________I_______________

When was the last time you worked so much on a day off that you ended up really tired? Acabar

end up = you are the subject

How would you end up really tired?

vs.

result in/lead to = the thing is the subject

What kinds of things can result in you getting really tired?

What kinds of things can lead to you getting tired?

“Finish,” “end,” “complete,” and “end up” are all verbs that refer to the termination or conclusion of something, but they have different nuances and usage.

“Finish” means to bring something to an end, typically with the sense of accomplishment or completion. For example, you can say “I finished reading the book” or “What time does this class finish?”

“End” also means to bring something to a close, but it can be used in a more general sense than “finish.” For instance, you can say “How do you end your day?” to mean how you typically wind down or finish up your activities.

“Complete” means to finish something in a thorough or comprehensive way, usually with the sense of reaching a final goal or achieving a desired outcome. For instance, you can say “Have you ever had difficulty in completing a sentence?”

“End up” refers to a change in a situation or result that was not initially planned or expected. For example, you can say “When was the last time you worked so much on a day off that you ended up really tired?” This phrase emphasizes the unexpected or unintended outcome.

In contrast, “result in” and “lead to” both imply a cause-and-effect relationship between two things. “Result in” means to produce or bring about a particular consequence or outcome, while “lead to” means to cause something to happen or to have a particular result. For example, you can ask “What kinds of things can result in you getting really tired?” or “What kinds of things can lead to you getting tired?” These phrases emphasize the causal relationship between an action or event and its outcome.

mouth to mouth = boca a boca = A life saving manoeuvre (resuscitation = reanimacion)

Would you feel comfortable giving someone who has fainted/lost consciousness mouth to mouth?

vs.

word of mouth = de boca en boca = Advertising

Why/How does word of mouth work for local businesses?

The phrase “mouth to mouth” refers to a life-saving manoeuvre used in resuscitation, where someone breathes air into the lungs of an unconscious person through their mouth. This technique is also known as CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and can be crucial in saving someone’s life in emergency situations.

On the other hand, “word of mouth” is a marketing term that refers to the spread of information or recommendations about a product, service, or business from person to person through conversations. It is a form of advertising that is based on personal recommendations and is often seen as more trustworthy and effective than traditional advertising methods. For local businesses, word of mouth can be especially important as it can help to establish a loyal customer base and increase visibility in the community.

Title (name etc) vs. heading (academic) vs. headline (encabezado: noticias)

Book title. Movies title etc…

What’s the title of your favourite book/movie?
vs.
Heading of the report etc…

What’s the role of a heading in a report?
vs.

Headline in the newspaper etc…
Do you only read the headlines or the whole news articles?

Newsssssssssssssssssss = no se puede quitar la S de esta palabra.

“Title” typically refers to the name of a creative work, such as a book, movie, or song. It serves as the identifier for the work and often reflects its main theme or topic.

In an academic context, a “heading” refers to a brief title or label that is used to organize and divide the content of a report, paper, or other written document. It is usually formatted differently than the main text and helps the reader to navigate the structure of the work.

A “headline” is a short, attention-grabbing title or phrase that appears at the top of a news article or other piece of journalism. Its purpose is to provide a quick summary of the main points of the article and entice the reader to read further.

Finally, “newsssssssssssssssssss” is an uncountable noun that always has an S.

I operate a crane (grua) at work. I had an accident and they operated on me/my leg/my back and saved my life at the hospital. (active form) vs. I was operated on/My leg was operated on/My back was operated on (passive form) at the hospital which saved my life.

One little preposition changes the meaning of the concept completely.

Operate = manejar maquinaria
Do you know anyone who operates a machine for a living?

vs.
Operate on = cirugia

Have you ever been operated on?

The verb “operate” can have two very different meanings depending on the preposition that follows it. In its active form, “operate” means to control or manage a machine or piece of equipment. For example, “I operate a crane at work” means that the speaker is responsible for using a crane to lift and move heavy objects.

On the other hand, when “operate” is followed by the preposition “on,” it takes on a completely different meaning. In this case, “operate on” means to perform surgery on someone. For example, “they operated on me at the hospital” means that the speaker underwent a surgical procedure.

Furthermore, the active and passive forms of “operate” can also convey different nuances. In the active form, the emphasis is on the person doing the action, whereas in the passive form, the emphasis is on the person receiving the action.

For example, “they operated on my leg and saved my life” in the passive form places the focus on the life-saving surgery that the speaker underwent. The active form, “they operated on me and saved my life,” puts more emphasis on the speaker as the person who received the life-saving surgery.

The use of the passive voice in this context can also serve to obscure the identity of the person performing the surgery. In the sentence “my leg was operated on at the hospital,” the speaker does not specify who performed the surgery. This can be useful in situations where the identity of the surgeon is not important or is unknown.

In summary, the preposition that follows the verb “operate” can drastically change its meaning. The active form refers to the control or management of a machine or equipment, while the passive form with the preposition “on” refers to surgical procedures performed on someone. Additionally, the active and passive forms can convey different nuances, with the passive voice often placing more emphasis on the action received rather than the person performing the action.

Shout to = gritar to get the attention
When was the last time you had to shout to someone across the road to get their attention?

vs.
Shout at = echar la bronca = verbal aggression

Why is it a bad idea to shout at your employees?

One little preposition changes the meaning of the concept completely.

throw to = pass something to someone by throwing it to them

How accurate are you when you throw a ball to someone from a long distance?

vs.

throw at = attack someone with something by throwing it

Have you ever seen someone throwing something at someone and hurting them?

Shout to and shout at are two phrases that can cause confusion due to their similar sound and structure. However, the preposition used in each phrase makes a significant difference in their meaning.

Shout to is used to describe the act of shouting in order to get someone’s attention from a distance. For example, if you need to get your friend’s attention from across the street, you may shout to them. It is a common way to communicate in noisy environments or when someone is far away.

On the other hand, shout at is used to describe the act of yelling in anger or frustration at someone. This can be harmful to the person on the receiving end and can lead to feelings of hurt and humiliation. Shouting at someone can also create a negative work environment and damage relationships.

Similarly, throw to and throw at are two phrases that can be easily confused. Throw to refers to the act of passing something to someone by throwing it to them. For instance, throwing a ball to your friend during a game of catch.

On the other hand, throw at refers to the act of attacking someone by throwing an object at them. This can result in physical harm and can be considered a violent act.

It is essential to understand the prepositions used in these phrases to avoid misunderstandings and unintended consequences. Using the wrong preposition can change the entire meaning of the sentence and can lead to confusion or even harm.

In conclusion, small prepositions like “to” and “at” can make a significant difference in the meaning of a sentence. Therefore, it is crucial to use them correctly to avoid misunderstandings and negative consequences. Remember to shout to, not shout at, and throw to, not throw at.

Talk about the reason why Ayuso won in Madrid.

Talk about the reason why people say a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

It is common to use “the reason why” instead of “the reason because” in English. This is because “the reason because” is considered to be grammatically incorrect.

In the examples given, “Talk about the reason why Ayuso won in Madrid” and “Talk about the reason why people say a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush,” we are using “the reason why” to introduce the topic of discussion and to explore the factors that contributed to Ayuso’s win in Madrid or the origin and meaning of the proverbial saying.

Using “the reason why” is a convention in English that helps to convey a clear and concise message. It is also important to note that in certain contexts, such as in informal speech or casual conversation, people may use “the reason because” instead of “the reason why” without any confusion or misunderstanding.

Finally = In the end + Subject Verb

In the end = finalmente = process

If you kept trying to resolve a problem unsuccessfully, would you give up in the end?

Talk about something that was difficult for you to learn but in the end you got it.

vs.

Al final de: At the end of + time and place

What are you going to do at the end of this class?

What can you find at the end of your road?

What happens at the end of the last movie you saw/the last book you read?

vs.

At last = after a long wait for something

How relieved did people feel during the pandemic when at last they came out with the vaccines?

Finally, In the End, At the End, and At Last are all common expressions that are often used interchangeably, but they actually have different meanings and contexts.

“Finally” and “In the end” are similar in meaning and imply the conclusion of a process or situation. “Finally” indicates the end of a process after which something will happen, whereas “in the end” refers to the final outcome of a process or situation after all other events or possibilities have been exhausted. For example, if someone is trying to solve a problem and after many attempts they succeed, they might say, “Finally, I solved the problem” or “In the end, I was able to solve the problem.”

“At the end” refers to a specific point in time or place, usually indicating the conclusion of a sequence of events. For instance, one might ask, “What can you find at the end of your road?” or “What happens at the end of the last movie you saw/the last book you read?” In both cases, “at the end” refers to a specific point in time or location.

Finally, “at last” implies relief after a long period of waiting or anticipation. For example, one might say, “How relieved did people feel during the pandemic when at last they came out with the vaccines?” It suggests that after a long period of waiting or uncertainty, something has finally happened or been achieved.

In conclusion, while these expressions may seem similar in meaning, they have distinct contexts and usages. It’s important to use them appropriately to avoid confusion or miscommunication.

look up to someone = admirar a alguien

Who do you look up to?

vs.

be in awe of someone = Ver a alguien como una maravilla – admiración extrema

Why can it be harmful to be in awe of someone?

vs.

look down on someone = mirar encima del hombro

Why should we not look down on others?

Looking up to someone is a natural feeling that we all experience at some point in our lives. It can be a teacher, a parent, a mentor, or someone famous who inspires us to be better. When we look up to someone, we admire their qualities, skills, and achievements. It motivates us to emulate their success and strive to achieve our goals.

On the other hand, being in awe of someone is an extreme form of admiration that can be harmful in some cases. It can create a power dynamic where one person feels inferior to the other, leading to dependency or idolization. This can result in neglecting one’s own needs and values and blindly following the person they are in awe of. In some cases, it can also lead to disappointment and disillusionment when the person turns out to be flawed or makes mistakes.

Looking down on someone, on the other hand, is a harmful attitude that can be damaging to both the person doing the looking down and the person being looked down upon. It is a form of disrespect that undermines the person’s self-esteem and can lead to feelings of inferiority and resentment. It can also create barriers to communication and collaboration, hindering progress and growth.

We should strive to avoid looking down on others and instead cultivate empathy and understanding. It is essential to recognize that everyone has their strengths, weaknesses, and experiences that shape who they are. It is vital to respect others’ diversity and treat them with kindness and compassion, regardless of their background, culture, or status.

In conclusion, looking up to someone can be a positive influence in our lives, inspiring us to be better and achieve our goals. However, we should be cautious about being in awe of someone as it can create unhealthy dependencies and unrealistic expectations. Looking down on others is a harmful attitude that undermines mutual respect and can hinder growth and progress. It is important to cultivate empathy, understanding, and respect for others, recognizing and celebrating their unique qualities and contributions.

permanent job = trabajo fijo

vs.

temporary job = trabajo temporal

How does a permanent job affect your life compared to a temporary job?

Full time = jornada completa

vs.

Part time = jornada parcial

How does a full time job affect your routine compared to a part time job?

A working day with a long break = jornada partida

vs.

Non stop working day = jornada no partida

Would you prefer a working day with a long break like they have in some sectors in Spain or a non-stop working day from 9 to 5 as they do in most sectors in UK?

A permanent job offers job security, benefits, and a sense of stability compared to a temporary job which may not provide these things. A permanent job can affect your life in a positive way by providing a steady income and allowing for long-term planning, while a temporary job may offer more flexibility but lacks job security.

A full-time job requires a greater time commitment and may provide a more stable income, but may also lead to work-life imbalance. A part-time job can offer more flexibility and a better work-life balance, but may not provide the same level of income or benefits as a full-time job.

A working day with a long break can provide employees with time to rest and recharge, but may also result in longer working hours. A non-stop working day can provide more structure and predictability, but may not offer the same level of rest or flexibility.

Ultimately, the type of job and working hours that are preferred may depend on individual circumstances and personal preferences. It is important to consider factors such as job security, income, benefits, flexibility, and work-life balance when evaluating different job options.

even numbers = Pares

What are even numbers?

odd numbers = Impares

What are odd numbers?

vs.

odd = Raro

Who is the oddest person you know?

vs.

the odds = Probabilidades

What are the odds of it snowing tomorrow?

vs.

even = llano

compare living in a city with an even surface to living in an uneven city?

vs.

be evens = estar en paz

How important is it for you to pay back your debts and be evens?

vs.

even = incluso

How would someone feel if everyone even their best friend abandoned them in a difficult moment?

The terms “even” and “odd” have multiple meanings and contexts, which can sometimes lead to confusion.

In mathematics, even numbers are whole numbers that can be divided by 2 without leaving a remainder, while odd numbers cannot. For example, 2, 4, 6, 8 are even numbers, and 1, 3, 5, 7 are odd numbers.

Outside of mathematics, the word “odd” can refer to something strange or unusual. For instance, when we ask who the oddest person we know is, we are referring to someone who has peculiar behaviors or thoughts that are different from the norm.

On the other hand, “the odds” refer to the probability of something happening or not happening. For example, when we ask what are the odds of it snowing tomorrow, we are asking about the chances or likelihood of snowfall.

The word “even” can also mean “flat” or “level,” as opposed to “uneven” or “bumpy.” Living in a city with an even surface might be more comfortable for walking, biking, or driving than living in a city with an uneven surface.

Furthermore, the phrase “be evens” means to be at peace or to settle a disagreement. It is important to pay back debts and be evens to maintain healthy relationships with others.

Lastly, “even” can also mean “including everyone” or “balanced.” If everyone, including their best friend, abandoned someone in a difficult moment, they would likely feel hurt and alone because they were not even considered or included.

Overall, it is important to understand the context and meaning behind the words we use to avoid confusion and misunderstandings.

Asumir

Incorrect: it’s really important to ASSUME your age

Correct: it’s really important to ACCEPT your age

assume/suppose = suponer only

Why is it bad to assume/suppose things without real knowledge about them?

Why is it a bad idea to assume things about people?

vs.

accept = asumir

Why don’t some young people accept their own reality?

Why should we accept the reality of our situation?

vs.

take on = asumir

What kinds of challenges have you taken on at the moment?

What are some challenges that people take on in their life?

Asumir, the Spanish verb for “assume”, is often mistakenly used in English when the correct word should be “accept”. While both words are related to acknowledging or taking on something, they have different connotations and usage.

Assume or suppose is to take something as true without having evidence or proof, which can lead to misunderstandings, miscommunications, and even conflicts. Assuming something about people, situations, or events can be harmful because it may not align with reality and can lead to wrong judgments, prejudice, and discrimination.

On the other hand, accepting something means acknowledging it as it is, even if it’s not ideal or comfortable. It involves recognizing and embracing reality, without trying to change it, deny it, or fight against it. Accepting our age, for example, means recognizing that we are getting older and that it’s a natural process that we cannot avoid. Accepting our reality, in general, means taking responsibility for our actions, emotions, and decisions, and dealing with the consequences, both positive and negative.

Another similar word to asumir is “take on”, which means to undertake or assume a challenge, responsibility, or project willingly. Taking on a challenge can be beneficial for personal growth and development, as it pushes us out of our comfort zone and tests our abilities and skills.

In summary, while assume, accept, and take on are related words, they have distinct meanings and usage. It’s essential to use the right word in the right context to avoid confusion and misunderstanding. Asumir, as a Spanish word, should only be used in Spanish language contexts, and in English, the correct translation for it is usually “assume” or “suppose”.

at Easter/Christmas = at = period

vs.

on Easter Monday/On Christmas day or eve = on = the exact day

Do you do the same things at Easter as you do on Easter Monday/Thursday (on = day)?

Do people feel the same at Christmas ( at = period) as they do on Christmas day/eve (on = day)?

When it comes to holiday celebrations, the choice of prepositions can make a big difference in meaning. In the case of Easter and Christmas, the prepositions “at” and “on” are often used to describe different aspects of the holidays.

“At” is used to refer to the period of time during which the holiday occurs. For example, one might say “I always spend time with my family at Easter” or “We usually exchange gifts at Christmas.” In this context, the focus is on the general time period during which the holiday is celebrated, rather than any specific day.

In contrast, “on” is used to refer to a specific day or date within the holiday period. For example, one might say “We always have a big meal on Christmas day” or “I like to go for a walk on Easter Monday.” Here, the focus is on the exact day or event that marks the culmination of the holiday period.

It’s worth noting that the use of “at” versus “on” can also carry different connotations. For example, saying “I’m going to be alone at Christmas” may imply a feeling of loneliness or sadness, while saying “I’m going to be alone on Christmas day” is more neutral and simply refers to the specific day.

Ultimately, whether someone does the same things at Easter as they do on Easter Monday, or whether they feel the same during the holiday period as they do on the exact day, is a matter of personal preference and tradition. Some people may have specific rituals or traditions associated with certain days, while others may simply enjoy the general atmosphere and festivities of the holiday period. Either way, the choice of preposition can help to clarify exactly what aspect of the holiday is being referred to.

What are the pros and cons of living downtown?

Is it possible to put a preposition before DOWNTOWN? No

Is it because the word DOWNTOWN begins with a preposition in itself? Yes

What are some other similar words? Upstairs, Downstairs, backward etc.

vs.

the outskirts/the surrounding areas = las afueras

What are the pros and cons of living in the outskirts/in the surrounding areas?

vs.

your surroundings: lo que te rodea

Describe your surroundings at the moment.

Living downtown is correct and Living in downtown is incorrect because words like upstairs, downstairs, backward, and downtown are called adverbs of place, and they generally do not take prepositions before them.

The outskirts or the surrounding areas are the areas or zones that surround a city are just outside the boundaries of the city.

Your surroundings refer to the environment or area that is immediately around you. It could include things like the room you are in, the people around you, and the sounds and smells in the area. Describing your surroundings can be helpful in creating a sense of atmosphere or setting in writing, or in simply taking stock of your current situation.

value/appreciate = dar valor a algo/es importante para mi

How much do you value your job?

Why don’t we appreciate/value the little comforts we have in our lives?

vs.

assess/evaluate = evaluar/valorar

How often is your work evaluated?

Why is self assessment really important in life in order to improve? Have you ever had to assess someone’s work?

How would you evaluate/assess your government’s performance?

vs.

give legal advice = asesorar

Why is it important to have a legal advisor/consultant when you are setting up a business?

False friends can be tricky in language learning, and two pairs that are often confused are value/appreciate and evaluate/assess. These words may sound similar, but their meanings are quite different.

Value and appreciate both refer to the importance or worth that something has to us. For example, we might say that we value our job or appreciate the little comforts we have in our lives. These words are about our personal feelings and attitudes towards something.

Evaluate and assess, on the other hand, refer to the process of examining or analyzing something in order to make a judgment or determine its value. For example, we might assess someone’s work or evaluate the performance of our government. These words are about making an objective assessment of something based on evidence and criteria.

It’s important to understand the difference between these pairs of words, especially when speaking in a professional or academic context. For example, in a work setting, we might need to assess our own performance or evaluate the effectiveness of a team project. In legal contexts, we might need to give or seek legal advice from a legal advisor or consultant.

In summary, value and appreciate are about our personal feelings towards something, while evaluate and assess are about making an objective assessment based on evidence and criteria. Understanding these distinctions can help avoid confusion and improve communication in a variety of contexts.

Think in = the language of thoughts

Think about or Think of = there is a difference in meaning
I am thinking about where to go on holiday: Dar vueltas.
vs.
I am thinking of my childhood: acordarse = remembering something
vs.
We think in English/Spanish = the language of the mind for processing thought only.

Please, think about it.
Please, think about it.
Please, think about it.
Please, think about it.
Please, think about it.

Incorrect: they only think in/on themselves

Correct: they only think about/of themselves = piensan solo en si mismo y nadie mas = nada que ver con reflexionar aqui

Think ABOUT/OF = pensar en = dar vueltas a algo

vs.

Think on something = reflect on something = really deep thinking at the meditation level = profundo concepts

How can you stop thinking in Spanish and start thinking in English?
vs.
How do you feel when you are thinking of your childhood?
Vs.
What advice would you give your friend if they were thinking about changing their job?

vs.

What is the last thing you had to think on?

Language plays a crucial role in how we communicate our thoughts and ideas. We often use different phrases and words to convey specific meanings, and sometimes, the use of certain words can lead to confusion or misinterpretation. One area where this often happens is the use of the phrases “think in,” “think about/of,” and “think on.”

The phrase “think in” refers to the language of the mind for processing thoughts. For example, a person who grew up speaking Spanish will think in Spanish, while a person who grew up speaking English will think in English. It’s a subconscious process, and we typically don’t have much control over it.

On the other hand, the phrases “think about” or “think of” refer to actively considering or reflecting on something. For instance, if someone says, “I am thinking about where to go on holiday,” they are contemplating different options and possibilities. In contrast, if they say, “I am thinking of my childhood,” they are reflecting on a particular memory or experience.

Another phrase that is often used is “think on.” This phrase is similar to “think about” or “think of” but implies a deeper level of reflection. It often refers to introspective, meditative thinking, where a person is deeply considering a concept or idea.

It’s essential to understand the differences between these phrases as they can lead to misunderstandings. For example, if someone says, “they only think in/on themselves,” it may imply that the person is self-centered and only thinks about themselves. However, using “think about” or “think of” would convey the intended meaning more accurately.

In terms of language acquisition, it’s possible to change the language you think in, but it requires time and effort. One way to do this is to immerse oneself in the language through reading, writing, and speaking as much as possible.

Overall, language plays a significant role in how we process and communicate our thoughts. Understanding the nuances of different phrases and their meanings can help prevent misunderstandings and miscommunication.

The use of the genitive with locales/premises and people’s houses

(the word shop is understood)

When was the last time you went to the hairdresser’s?

When was the last time you went to the butcher’s?

When was the last time you went to the doctor’s?

(the word house is understood)

When was the last time you went to your brother’s?

How often do you go to your parents’?

In English, we often use the genitive case to indicate possession or association, and this extends to locales and premises as well as people’s houses. This can sometimes be confusing for non-native speakers, as the use of the genitive with locales and premises can seem unusual.

For example, we might say “I went to the hairdresser’s” instead of “I went to the hairdresser.” Similarly, we might say “I went to the butcher’s” instead of “I went to the butcher.” This is because we are indicating that we went to a specific place that belongs to the hairdresser or butcher, rather than simply going to the profession itself.

The same can be said for medical professionals. We might say “I went to the doctor’s” instead of “I went to the doctor” to indicate that we visited a specific doctor’s office or clinic.

When it comes to people’s houses, we often use the genitive to indicate whose house it is that we are referring to. For example, we might say “I went to my brother’s” or “I went to my parents’.” This is because we are indicating that we went to a specific house that belongs to our family members.

While the use of the genitive with locales and premises may seem odd at first, it is simply a convention in English that has been in use for centuries. It is important for language learners to understand these conventions, as they are used in everyday speech and writing.

In summary, the genitive case is commonly used in English when referring to locales, premises, and people’s houses to indicate possession or association. So, when asked “When was the last time you went to the hairdresser’s?” or “How often do you go to your parents’?” don’t be confused – just answer as you normally would!

make something difficult = dificultar

What kinds of things make learning difficult?

vs.

make something easy = facilitar

What kinds of things make learning easy?

“Dificultar” is a Spanish verb that translates to “make something difficult” in English. It refers to the act of creating obstacles or challenges that make a particular task or situation harder to accomplish. For example, factors like lack of resources, confusing instructions, or a challenging learning environment can all “dificultar” the process of learning.

On the other hand, “facilitar” is a Spanish verb that translates to “make something easy” in English. It refers to the act of making a particular task or situation easier to accomplish. For example, factors like clear instructions, a supportive learning environment, or access to helpful resources can all “facilitar” the process of learning.

Both “dificultar” and “facilitar” are useful verbs to describe how external factors can impact the ease or difficulty of a particular task or situation, such as learning. By identifying the factors that make learning difficult or easy, we can take steps to mitigate obstacles and optimize the learning experience.

Reserve or Book vs. Hire vs. Rent vs. Rent out

Reserve or Book = reservar = una habitacion en un hotel, una mesa en un restaurant, un vuelo, un viaje

When was the last time you reserved/booked a hotel room?

vs.

Hire = contratar = servicio de un profesional, el equipo, un coche chofer

Have you ever hired a car or any equipment?

Have you ever had to hire the services of a lawyer/a tour guide?

vs.

Rent = alquilar algo de alguien = un piso o una casa: tenant, un coche chofer

Can you compare renting a flat/house to buying one on mortgage?

vs.

Rent out = alquilar nuestro piso: owner/coche a alguien

What kinds of issues do landlords /landladies face when they rent out their houses/flats to tennats?

When it comes to obtaining the use of something, there are various terms that can be used, such as reserve, hire, rent, and rent out. Each term has a specific meaning and is used in different situations. In this article, we will discuss the differences between these terms and the contexts in which they are commonly used.

Reserve or Book

Reserving or booking something refers to the act of securing a spot or service in advance. This can include booking a hotel room, reserving a table at a restaurant, purchasing a flight ticket, or organizing a trip. The purpose of reserving or booking is to ensure that the desired service or product is available when needed. It’s common to reserve or book things in advance to avoid missing out on popular services, especially during peak periods.

Hire

Hiring refers to the process of employing the services of a professional or acquiring the use of equipment or vehicles for a specific period. This could involve hiring a lawyer for legal advice, hiring a tour guide for a trip, or hiring a car for transportation. In general, hiring is associated with services that require specialized knowledge or expertise.

Rent

Renting refers to the act of obtaining the use of a property or item for a specified period in exchange for payment. This could include renting a flat or house as a tenant or renting a car for personal transportation. Renting is often used as a temporary solution or for short-term needs.

Rent Out

Renting out refers to the act of allowing someone else to use a property or item that you own in exchange for payment. This could involve renting out a house or flat as a landlord or renting out a car as an owner. Renting out is commonly used as a means of generating income from an asset that is not being used.

Comparing Renting to Hiring

When it comes to obtaining the use of something, renting and hiring are often compared. For example, renting a flat or house can be compared to buying one on mortgage. Renting is generally considered a more flexible option as it doesn’t require a long-term commitment, and tenants can move out when their lease expires. On the other hand, buying a house on mortgage involves a long-term commitment, but it’s an investment that can appreciate over time.

Issues Faced by Landlords/Landladies when Renting Out Properties

Renting out a property comes with its own set of challenges. Landlords or landladies must ensure that their property is in good condition and meets all legal requirements. They must also find reliable tenants, deal with repairs and maintenance, and collect rent on time. Late payments, property damage, and tenant disputes can also cause problems for landlords or landladies. It’s essential to have a clear understanding of the rental agreement and to communicate effectively with tenants to avoid any misunderstandings or conflicts.

In conclusion, the terms reserve or book, hire, rent, and rent out are commonly used in different contexts. Each term has a specific meaning and is associated with different types of services or products. Understanding the differences between these terms can help individuals make informed decisions when obtaining the use of something. Additionally, landlords or landladies must be aware of the challenges involved in renting out properties and take steps to mitigate any potential problems.

Attend = asistir
Did you attend school regularly or were you absent a lot?

attendance (asistencia)

How was your attendance at school?

vs.
Assist = ayudar
Who can assist you with filing your tax return (hacer la declaracion de la renta)?

assistance (help)

Have you ever given an old person assistance to climb up the stairs/cross the road?

When it comes to attending events or receiving help, two terms that are commonly used are attend and assist. While these words may seem similar, they have different meanings and are used in different contexts. In this article, we will discuss the differences between these terms and provide examples of their usage.

Attend

The term attend refers to the act of being present at an event, such as a school, meeting, or party. It implies active participation and engagement in the event. For instance, students attend school to learn and participate in classroom activities. Regular attendance is vital to ensure that one does not miss out on essential information and experiences. The attendance record is often used to measure the level of participation and engagement in a particular event.

For instance, in schools, attendance is taken regularly to track the number of days a student has attended school. This information is used to determine if a student meets the required attendance level or if they need to make up for missed classes. High attendance rates are essential in schools as it indicates that students are actively participating in the learning process.

Assist

Assist refers to the act of providing help or support to someone who needs it. It implies a willingness to aid another person and often requires specialized knowledge or skills. For instance, an accountant can assist someone with filing their tax return by providing guidance on the process and ensuring that all necessary forms are completed correctly. Assistance can be provided in a variety of ways, including physical support, advice, and emotional support.

For example, helping an elderly person climb the stairs or cross the road is a form of physical assistance. Offering advice or emotional support to a friend going through a challenging time is a form of emotional assistance.

Assistance is often needed when someone lacks the necessary skills, knowledge, or resources to complete a task on their own. In such cases, assistance can be provided by professionals or volunteers with the required expertise.

In conclusion, while attend and assist may appear to be similar, they are used in different contexts and have different meanings. Attend refers to the act of being present at an event, while assist refers to the act of providing help or support to someone in need. Understanding the differences between these terms can help individuals use them accurately in various situations.

less than = comparative

What do you eat less than before nowadays?

vs.

the least = superlative

What is the least favourite food in your family?

When we compare things, we use comparative and superlative forms. In English, we use the word “less than” to express a comparative form, which means comparing two things to determine which one has less of something. On the other hand, we use the phrase “the least” to express a superlative form, which means comparing three or more things to determine which one has the smallest or least amount of something. In this article, we will explore the differences between these two forms of comparison.

Less Than

When we use the comparative form “less than,” we are comparing two things to see which one has less of something. For instance, you might say, “I eat less junk food than I did before,” which means you consume fewer unhealthy snacks than you did in the past. The word “less” indicates that the amount of junk food you eat now is smaller than the amount you ate before.

We often use the comparative form when we want to describe a change in behavior or habits over time. For example, you might say, “I drink less coffee than I used to,” which means you consume less coffee now than you did in the past. The comparative form allows us to compare two different points in time and describe the change that occurred between them.

The Least

When we use the superlative form “the least,” we are comparing three or more things to see which one has the smallest or least amount of something. For example, you might say, “Broccoli is the least favorite food in my family,” which means that out of all the foods your family eats, broccoli is the one that they like the least.

We often use the superlative form when we want to describe something that stands out as the smallest or least significant in a group. For example, you might say, “This is the least expensive option,” which means that out of all the available choices, this one is the least costly. The superlative form allows us to compare multiple options and determine which one is the smallest or least significant.

In conclusion, while both comparative and superlative forms are used to compare things, they have different meanings and are used in different contexts. “Less than” is used when we compare two things to determine which one has less of something, while “the least” is used when we compare three or more things to determine which one has the smallest or least amount of something. By understanding the differences between these two forms of comparison, we can use them correctly in our writing and speaking.

girlfriend = novia

boyfriend = novio

What complaints do boyfriends and girlfriends have about each other?

vs.

female friend = amiga

male friend = amigo

Do you have more male friends or female friends? Is your relationship different with each group?

The difference between “girlfriend” and “boyfriend” and “female friend” and “male friend” is that the former refers to a romantic relationship, while the latter refers to a platonic friendship.

“Girlfriend” and “boyfriend” refer to individuals who are in a romantic relationship. “Girlfriend” refers to a female partner, while “boyfriend” refers to a male partner. When we use these terms, we are indicating that the two individuals are romantically involved with each other.

On the other hand, “female friend” and “male friend” refer to individuals who are friends with each other but are not romantically involved. These terms are used to indicate the gender of the friend but do not imply any romantic involvement.

When we talk about complaints that boyfriends and girlfriends have about each other, we are discussing the challenges that can arise in romantic relationships, such as communication issues, disagreements, or unmet expectations.

Conversely, when we talk about having male friends or female friends and how our relationships with each group differ, we are discussing the dynamics of platonic friendships. These dynamics may vary based on individual personalities, interests, and shared experiences.

In summary, “girlfriend” and “boyfriend” refer to a romantic relationship, while “female friend” and “male friend” refer to platonic friendships. It is important to understand the context in which these terms are used to communicate effectively.

Average = la media numerica
What’s the average distance you drive every week?

vs.
Media = los medios de comunicacion
How well do you feel the media is reporting on the current crises in society?

The difference between “average” and “media” is that the former refers to a numerical calculation while the latter refers to a means of communication.

When we use the term “average,” we are referring to a mathematical calculation that determines the midpoint or central tendency of a set of numbers. For example, “What’s the average distance you drive every week?” Here, the question is asking for a numerical value, the average distance driven every week.

On the other hand, when we use the term “media,” we are referring to a means of communication or the collective outlets that distribute news and information to the public. For example, “How well do you feel the media is reporting on the current crises in society?” Here, the question is asking for an opinion on the performance of news and information distribution outlets.

In summary, “average” refers to a mathematical calculation, while “media” refers to the means of communication. It is important to understand the context in which these terms are used to communicate effectively.

fecha = date

What is the date today?

vs.

personal details = datos

What kinds of places require you to give your personal details?

vs.

data or information = data

How much data can you store on your laptop/phone?

The difference between “fecha” (date), “datos” (personal details), and “data” (data or information) is that the first refers to a specific day in the calendar, the second refers to personal information about an individual, and the third refers to information in general.

When we use the term “fecha” or “date,” we are referring to a specific day on the calendar. For example, “What is the date today?” This question is asking for the specific day in the calendar, such as April 7, 2023.

When we use the term “datos” or “personal details,” we are referring to specific information about an individual, such as their name, address, date of birth, and social security number. For example, “What kinds of places require you to give your personal details?” This question is asking about places that require individuals to provide their personal information, such as banks, government agencies, or employers.

Finally, when we use the term “data” or “information,” we are referring to any kind of information, including numerical data, text, images, or video. For example, “How much data can you store on your laptop/phone?” This question is asking about the amount of information that can be stored on a device.

In summary, “fecha” refers to a specific day on the calendar, “datos” refers to personal information about an individual, and “data” refers to information in general. It is important to understand the context in which these terms are used to communicate effectively.

revision = repaso (school)

What are the benefits of doing revision regularly?

vs.

review = look at something carefully

Who would you ask to review your work before publishing it if you were to write a book?

vs.

check = look at something to see if it is ok

Why should we check things properly before considering them finished?

vs.

check up (n) = revision medica

When was the last time you went for a check up? When was the last time you had a check up?

When was the last time you had a blood test?

The difference between “revision,” “review,” “check,” and “check up” is that they all involve looking at something carefully but with different purposes.

When we use the term “revision,” we refer to the act of reviewing and studying material previously learned, typically in a school setting. For example, “What are the benefits of doing revision regularly?” This question is asking about the advantages of regularly reviewing and studying previously learned material.

When we use the term “review,” we refer to the act of examining something carefully, usually for the purpose of evaluating or improving it. For example, “Who would you ask to review your work before publishing it if you were to write a book?” This question is asking about who could provide feedback on written work to evaluate or improve it.

When we use the term “check,” we refer to the act of looking at something carefully to ensure that it is correct, complete, or in good condition. For example, “Why should we check things properly before considering them finished?” This question is asking about the importance of ensuring the accuracy or completeness of something before considering it finished.

Finally, when we use the term “check up,” we refer to a medical examination or assessment. For example, “When was the last time you went for a check up? When was the last time you had a blood test?” These questions are asking about the last time someone received a medical examination or had their health assessed.

In summary, “revision” refers to reviewing and studying previously learned material, “review” refers to examining something carefully for the purpose of evaluating or improving it, “check” refers to looking at something carefully to ensure that it is correct, complete, or in good condition, and “check up” refers to a medical examination or assessment.

above all = sobre todo

What do you look for in an employee above all?

vs.

overall = en general – en conjunto – total

What is the overall social/economic situation in your country like at the moment?

vs.

overalls = el mono de trabajo

In which jobs, do people have to wear overalls?

The difference between “above all,” “overall,” and “overalls” is that they are different words with different meanings.

“Above all” is an idiomatic expression that means “especially” or “most importantly.” For example, “What do you look for in an employee above all?” This question is asking about the most important qualities an employer looks for in a potential employee.

“On the other hand,” “overall” is an adverb that means “in general” or “as a whole.” For example, “What is the overall social/economic situation in your country like at the moment?” This question is asking about the general state of a country’s social and economic conditions.

Finally, “overalls” is a noun that refers to a type of protective clothing worn over regular clothing to protect against dirt or injury, typically in a workplace setting. For example, “In which jobs do people have to wear overalls?” This question is asking about occupations that require the use of protective clothing, such as construction or manufacturing jobs.

In summary, “above all” means “especially” or “most importantly,” “overall” means “in general” or “as a whole,” and “overalls” are a type of protective clothing worn in certain occupations.

Side effects = Efectos secundarios = correct
Second effects = incorrect

Have you ever suffered from the side effects of a medicine you took?

The difference between “side effects” and “second effects” is that “side effects” is the correct term used to describe the unintended or adverse effects of a medicine, while “second effects” is an incorrect or non-existent term.

“Side effects” refers to the unintended or adverse effects of a medication, treatment, or therapy, which may occur in addition to its intended therapeutic effects. These effects can range from mild to severe and can vary from person to person.

On the other hand, “second effects” is not a term commonly used in the medical field to describe the unintended effects of a medication or treatment. Therefore, it is not a correct or appropriate term to use when discussing the potential adverse effects of a medication.

In summary, “side effects” is the correct term used to describe the unintended or adverse effects of a medication or treatment, while “second effects” is not a correct or commonly used term in the medical field.

Be sure vs. ensure vs. assure vs. secure

Be sure = opinion/decision

How can you be sure that someone really loves you?

vs.

Ensure = make sure

How can you ensure that you have fun on your day off?

vs.

Assure = please, believe me

Talk about a time someone assured you that they would do a good job if you hired them, but the quality of work was not good.

vs.

Secure = make sure there is no physical danger

How did people use to secure their areas in the past?

The words “be sure,” “ensure,” “assure,” and “secure” are all related to the concept of making sure of something, but they are used in different contexts and with different meanings.

“Be sure” is used to express an opinion or decision about something. It is often used to express confidence or certainty. For example, “I am sure that she is telling the truth.”

“Ensure” means to make sure that something happens or is done correctly. It is used when someone wants to guarantee that something will happen. For example, “I will ensure that the project is completed on time.”

“Assure” means to promise or guarantee that something will happen or be done correctly. It is used to provide reassurance to someone about something. For example, “I assure you that we will take care of the problem.”

“Secure” means to make sure that something is safe and free from danger. It is used in the context of protecting someone or something from harm. For example, “We need to secure the building to prevent unauthorized access.”

In summary, “be sure” expresses an opinion or decision, “ensure” means to guarantee that something will happen or be done correctly, “assure” means to promise or guarantee that something will happen or be done correctly, and “secure” means to make sure that something is safe and free from danger.

energy = energia

We have an energy crisis.

Why has the price of energy gone up?

vs.

energetic = con mucha energia/muy movido

Those kids are really energetic.

Who is the most energetic old person you know?

The difference between “energy” and “energetic” is that “energy” refers to the power or ability to do work, and it can also be used to describe the sources or forms of power that are used to generate electricity, heat, or fuel. On the other hand, “energetic” describes a person, animal, or activity that is full of energy, lively, and active. While “energy” is often used in the context of discussing energy sources and consumption, “energetic” is used to describe people, animals, or things that are full of life and vigor. For example, one might say “we have an energy crisis” when discussing the availability and cost of energy sources, while “those kids are really energetic” is used to describe lively and active children.

where you are coming from: entender la logica tuya

Does the acceptance of your opinions by other people depend on where you are coming from?

vs.

where you come from: origin tuyo

Do you get treated differently depending on where you come from?

“Where you are coming from” refers to your perspective or the logic behind your opinions or actions. It is more about understanding your background and thoughts that have led you to a certain point of view.

On the other hand, “where you come from” refers to your place of origin, where you were born or grew up, your cultural background, and other related factors. It is more about your nationality, ethnicity, or upbringing.

So, “where you are coming from” is about your thought process and perspective, while “where you come from” is about your origin and background.

patisserie = pasteleria

How would you run a patisserie?

vs.

bakery = panaderia

How often do you buy things from a bakery?

The difference between “patisserie” and “bakery” is that a patisserie specializes in French pastries, desserts, and cakes, while a bakery typically offers a wider range of baked goods including bread, pastries, cakes, and sometimes sandwiches. A patisserie focuses on sweet treats and often emphasizes artistry and creativity in the presentation of their offerings. A bakery, on the other hand, may offer a wider variety of breads and savory baked goods, as well as sweet treats. In terms of running these businesses, a patisserie owner would need to have knowledge and skills in creating intricate pastry designs and working with delicate ingredients, while a bakery owner would need to focus more on bread-making techniques and managing a larger variety of baked goods.

Town hall = el edificio principal del ayuntamiento

Where is the town hall located in your city?

vs.

Council = Departamento completa que se llama el ayuntamiento

Is your council doing a good job?

What is the role of the Town hall in the local council?

The town hall is the main building of the local council where administrative and governmental functions are carried out. It is typically the physical location where city officials meet and make decisions regarding local laws, regulations, and policies. The town hall is also often the site of public meetings, events, and civic activities. In contrast, the council refers to the entire governing body of a city or town, which includes elected officials and administrative staff who oversee various departments and functions, such as public safety, public works, and planning and development. The council is responsible for making decisions that affect the overall well-being of the community, and its performance is evaluated by the public through elections and other forms of feedback.

sole = planta – suela

Have you ever had the soles of your feet massaged?

What are the soles of your favourite pair of shoes/trainers made of?

vs.

insoles = plantilla

Why would someone use insoles?

vs.

staff = platilla de trabajo

What do you think of the professionalism of the staff at el Corte ingles?

vs.

soul = alma

Do you believe that we all have a soul inside our bodies?

The word “sole” can have two meanings – it can refer to the bottom part of a shoe or foot (suela or planta), or it can also refer to a type of fish. “Insoles” are the inserts that go inside a shoe to provide additional cushioning or support. “Staff” refers to the employees or workers of a company or organization. And “soul” refers to the spiritual or immaterial part of a person.

aprovecharse

Why is it always essential to take advantage of opportunities people give you?

Do you make use of the time you spend in your English classes?

Do you make the most of the free time you have at the weekends?

vs.

Why is it bad to take advantage of vulnerable people?

How many ways are there to say aprovechar?

Can all of them be used for aprovecharse de?

Which one of them can be used for aprovecharse de?

Can you use all three of the above in a positive sense?

Can you only use TAKE ADVANTAGE OF in the negative sense?

Do you make use of your weekends?

Do you make the most of your weekends?

Do you take advantage of your weekends?

vs.

Why shouldn’t we take advantage of weak people?

The word “aprovecharse” has different meanings and connotations depending on the context in which it is used.

In a positive sense, “aprovecharse” can mean “to take advantage of an opportunity” or “to make the most of something.” For example, “¿Aprovechas tus fines de semana para hacer actividades al aire libre?” (Do you make use of your weekends to do outdoor activities?)

However, “aprovecharse” can also have a negative connotation, meaning “to take advantage of someone’s vulnerability or weakness” or “to exploit someone.” For example, “No está bien aprovecharse de las personas mayores y quitarles su dinero.” (It’s not right to take advantage of elderly people and take their money.)

In Spanish, there are different ways to express “aprovechar,” depending on the context. For example, “aprovechar una oportunidad” (to take advantage of an opportunity), “aprovechar el tiempo” (to make the most of one’s time), or “aprovecharse de alguien” (to take advantage of someone).

In English, “take advantage of” can be used in both positive and negative contexts, but it is more commonly used in a negative sense. Other phrases like “make the most of” or “take advantage of an opportunity” can be used to express the positive sense of “aprovechar.”

To summarize, “aprovecharse” can have different meanings and connotations depending on the context, and there are different ways to express the different meanings in Spanish and English.

reject = I don’t want it

Why does society reject some people? Which personality types are often rejected?

vs.

refuse = I don’t want to do it

What kinds of tasks would you refuse to do at work?

vs.

deny = I didn’t do it

How can the police get a criminal to confess to his/her crime if the culprit was denying having done it?

Does reject mean that you don’t want something/someone? Yes

Does refuse mean that you don’t want to do something? Yes

Does deny mean that you haven’t done something? Yes

Can deny also mean that you refuse to give someone something? Yes

Rejection, refusal, and denial are common words used in our daily conversations, and they all imply the absence of consent. However, they differ in their meanings and connotations, and it is essential to understand their distinctions to use them appropriately.

Firstly, let’s start with the word “reject,” which means to refuse to accept or acknowledge something or someone. Society often rejects individuals who do not conform to its norms, values, or expectations. These expectations can be related to physical appearance, behavior, beliefs, or social status. For example, individuals who belong to a marginalized group or have a stigmatized identity, such as the LGBTQ+ community, people with disabilities, or ex-convicts, are often rejected by society. Personality types that are often rejected include those who are introverted, unconventional, or eccentric, as they may not fit in with the general population’s expectations. Rejection can lead to feelings of isolation, low self-esteem, and mental health issues.

Secondly, “refuse” means to decline or say no to something. It is a way of asserting one’s boundaries or preferences. At work, there may be certain tasks that one may refuse to do if they are outside of their job description or violate their ethical principles. For example, a nurse may refuse to administer medication to a patient if they believe it is not safe or appropriate. Refusing can also be a form of self-care, as it helps individuals maintain their emotional, physical, and mental well-being.

Lastly, “deny” means to assert that something is not true or that one did not do something. In legal contexts, denial is often used when someone is accused of a crime. The police may use various techniques to get the culprit to confess to the crime, such as offering a plea bargain or using psychological tactics. However, false confessions can also occur if the accused person is coerced, threatened, or misled. In everyday life, denying can also be used to avoid taking responsibility for one’s actions or to protect oneself from criticism or consequences.

In conclusion, while the words reject, refuse, and deny may seem similar, they have different connotations and contexts in which they are used. It is essential to understand their distinctions to use them appropriately and to be aware of the potential consequences of their usage. Rejecting someone can lead to feelings of isolation and low self-esteem, refusing can be a form of self-care, and denying can be used to avoid taking responsibility. Understanding these words’ meanings and contexts can help us communicate effectively and respectfully with others.

Does CYNICAL mean the same as CINICO in Spanish? No

Does it mean that you doubt the success or veracity of something? Yes

What kinds of things in society are you cynical about?

The words “cynical” in English and “cínico” in Spanish have a similar meaning, but there are some differences in their usage and connotations.

In English, “cynical” typically describes a person who is distrustful of human sincerity and motives, often to the point of being contemptuous or sarcastic. It can also refer to a belief or attitude that people are motivated purely by self-interest, and that virtue and morality are largely irrelevant.

In Spanish, “cínico” can also refer to a person who is distrustful of others or skeptical of their motives, but it often has a more negative connotation, implying a lack of moral principles or shame. It can also be used to describe a person who is rude, insensitive, or impolite, as in “un comentario cínico” (a cynical remark).

Overall, while the basic meaning of the two words is similar, “cynical” in English has a broader and more neutral connotation, while “cínico” in Spanish is often used to convey a more negative judgment or attitude.

con/trick/cheat someone = defraudar

Why is it bad to con/trick/cheat people?

vs.

cheat on someone = ser infiel en una relacion romantica

Why do partners cheat on each other in a relationship? Fidelity

The terms “con,” “trick,” and “cheat” are all related to deceiving someone in a negative way. They are often used interchangeably to refer to someone who has taken advantage of or deceived another person. “Defraudar” is the Spanish equivalent for these English words, meaning to cheat or defraud someone.

On the other hand, “cheat on someone” refers specifically to infidelity in a romantic relationship. It means to engage in a sexual or emotional relationship with someone other than one’s partner while still in a committed relationship. The reason for cheating on a partner varies, but often relates to a breakdown in communication, feeling unfulfilled in the relationship, or seeking emotional or physical validation from someone else.

In summary, “con,” “trick,” and “cheat” all refer to negative actions that involve deception or taking advantage of someone, while “cheat on someone” specifically refers to infidelity in a romantic relationship.

echar la bronco

have a go at someone

shout at someone

tell someone off

How often did your parents have a go at you?

Why is it bad to shout at your kids all the time?

When is it important to tell your kids off?

When was the last time you had ago at someone?

When was the last time you shouted at someone?

When was the last time you told someone off?

“echar la bronca” is a colloquial expression in Spanish that can be translated as “have a go at someone,” “shout at someone,” or “tell someone off.” It refers to scolding, rebuking, or reprimanding someone, usually in a stern or angry tone.

Parents may “echar la bronca” at their children when they misbehave or do something wrong, in an effort to correct their behavior and teach them right from wrong. However, it is important to do so in a constructive and respectful manner, rather than constantly shouting or berating them.

Shouting at kids all the time can be harmful to their emotional well-being and can lead to feelings of fear, anxiety, and insecurity. It is important for parents to communicate with their children calmly and patiently, and to use “echar la bronca” as a tool for discipline rather than as a means of control or punishment.

Telling someone off is important when their behavior is inappropriate, harmful, or disrespectful. It is a way of setting boundaries and communicating expectations, but again, it should be done respectfully and constructively.

come up = surgir

When was the last time you had to leave a meeting because something important came up?

vs.

come up with = sugerir

When was the last time your friends came up with a solution to a problem you were having?

If a problem comes up at work, how easily do you come up with solutions?

The difference between “come up” and “come up with” is that the former means “to appear or arise unexpectedly,” while the latter means “to suggest or think of an idea or solution.”

In the first sentence, “come up” is used to describe an unexpected event that caused the speaker to leave a meeting. In the second sentence, “come up with” is used to describe the act of suggesting a solution to a problem.

make = transform vs. become = convertirse en (there is no preposition in with become)

I can make this sofa a bed.

This sofa becomes a bed.

I can convert this sofa into a bed.

This sofa converts into a bed.

I can transform this sofa into a bed.

This sofa transforms into a bed.

Would you become happy if someone tried to make you happy by telling you a joke when you were sad?

make vs. become

When was the last time someone made you angry and you became angry?

When was the last time someone made you happy and you became happy?

When was the last time something made you sad and you became sad?

make = obligar/ocasionar/provocar de alguna manera

As a kid, did you do your homework yourself or did your parents make you do it?

How can you make young people take their responsibilities seriously?

How does the government make people abide by the law?

How can you make your workers perform well in their duties?

Make and become are two verbs that are often used to describe a transformation of one thing into another. However, they have different meanings and usage in English.

Make refers to the act of transforming or changing something into a different state or form. It implies an active effort or intervention to bring about a change. For example, “I can make this sofa a bed” means that with some effort or manipulation, the sofa can be transformed into a bed. Other examples include “I can make a cake from scratch” or “I can make a paper airplane.”

On the other hand, become means to undergo a transformation or change from one state to another. It implies a natural or gradual process that leads to the change. For example, “This sofa becomes a bed” means that due to the design or function of the sofa, it naturally transforms into a bed. Other examples include “The caterpillar becomes a butterfly” or “He became a successful businessman.”

Both make and become can also be used in the sense of converting or transforming something into another form or state. For instance, “I can convert this sofa into a bed” or “This sofa converts into a bed” imply that the sofa can be changed into a bed through a process of conversion. Similarly, “I can transform this sofa into a bed” or “This sofa transforms into a bed” suggest that the sofa can be changed into a bed through a process of transformation.

In addition, make can also mean to force, oblige or cause someone to do something. For example, “Did your parents make you do your homework as a kid?” or “How can you make young people take their responsibilities seriously?” These sentences suggest that someone is being forced or compelled to do something against their will.

On the other hand, become does not have this meaning of forcing or obliging someone to do something. It only refers to the process of transformation or change that occurs naturally or gradually.

In conclusion, make and become are two verbs that describe the transformation of one thing into another, but they have different meanings and usage in English. Make refers to an active effort or intervention to bring about a change, while become implies a natural or gradual process of transformation.

jam = marmalada de todas las frutas excepto las naranjas or atasco

What kinds of issue can arise during the rush hour besides traffic jams?

How often do you have jam on toast for breakfast?

vs.

marmalade = orange jam only

Do you prefer marmalade or another kind of jam?

vs.

ham

Why is Iberian ham so popular in many parts of the world?

The difference between jam and marmalade is that jam is a type of preserve made from fruits such as berries, plums, and apricots, while marmalade is a type of preserve made specifically from citrus fruits, with oranges being the most common. The word “jam” can also refer to a situation where things are stuck or crowded together, such as a traffic jam or a jam-packed room. On the other hand, “marmalade” refers only to the specific type of citrus preserve.

As for ham, it is a cured meat that comes from the hind leg of a pig. Iberian ham, also known as Jamón Ibérico, is a type of ham that is popular in many parts of the world, particularly in Spain and Portugal. It is considered a delicacy because of the unique taste and texture that comes from the Iberian pig’s diet of acorns and other natural foods.

In summary, jam is a type of fruit preserve, marmalade is a specific type of citrus preserve made from oranges, and ham is a cured meat from the hind leg of a pig.

primos

How many cousins do you have?

How many male cousins/cousin brothers and female cousins/cousin sisters do you have?

The word “cousin” refers to a family member who shares a common ancestor with you, but is not your sibling, parent, or direct descendant. To use the word properly, it’s important to understand the different types of cousins that exist.

First, there are two main categories of cousins: first cousins and second cousins. First cousins are the children of your parents’ siblings (i.e. your aunt or uncle). Second cousins are the children of your parents’ cousins.

Within these categories, there are also distinctions based on gender. Male cousins are often referred to as “cousin brothers,” while female cousins are called “cousin sisters.” For example, you might say “I have five first cousins – two cousin brothers and three cousin sisters.”

It’s important to note that in some cultures and families, different words or terms may be used to refer to cousins, and there may be additional distinctions made based on age or generation. However, the basic idea remains the same – cousins are family members who share a common ancestor.

floor/storey = pisos de un edificios

How many storey building do you live in?

I live in an 11-storey building.

I live in a building that has 11 floors.

The words “floor” and “storey” both refer to the levels or stories in a building. They are often used interchangeably, but “floor” is more commonly used in American English, while “storey” is more commonly used in British English.

When referring to the number of levels in a building, either “floor” or “storey” can be used. For example, “I live in an 11 storey building” and “I live in a building that has 11 floors” both convey the same meaning.

It is important to note that in some countries, such as the United States, the first level of a building is typically referred to as the “first floor,” while in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, it is referred to as the “ground floor.” So, when referring to a specific level, it is important to use the appropriate term for the country you are in.

mate = verb = tener sexo para los animales

How do animals behave in the mating season?

Do you know any animals that mate for life?

vs.

mate = noun = amig@

Who is your best mate/buddy/friend?

vs.

workmate/colleague = compi de trabajo

What are some qualities of a good workmate/colleague?

vs.

classmate = compi de clase

How many classmates did you have in your last class at school?

The word “mate” can have different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. As a verb, “mate” means to have sexual intercourse, which is mostly used to refer to animals in their mating season. As an example, one could ask how animals behave during their mating season or if they know any animals that mate for life.

As a noun, “mate” refers to a friend or companion, someone with whom you share a close relationship. It is often used as a slang term to refer to a best friend, buddy or a close friend. For instance, someone might ask who your best mate or friend is.

“Workmate” or “colleague” refers to a person you work with or someone who shares the same occupation as you. A good workmate/colleague is someone who is dependable, reliable, and has a positive attitude.

“Classmate” refers to a person who is in the same class as you, someone who shares the same school schedule. One could ask how many classmates they had in their last class at school.

It is important to understand the context in which the word “mate” is being used in order to use it properly and avoid any misunderstandings.

unfair/unjust = injusto

What kind of punishment is unfair/unjust when talking about crime?

What kind of behaviour is unfair/unjust when talking about relationships?

Unfair and unjust are synonyms that describe something that is not fair or just, meaning that it is not based on equality, impartiality or reasonableness.

betrayal = Traicion

Give some examples of betrayal. How should you deal with betrayal?

vs.

traitors = Traidores

What happens to traitors in the army?

The words “betrayal” and “traitors” both relate to the act of being disloyal or treacherous towards someone or something. However, “betrayal” is a noun that refers to the act itself, while “traitors” is a plural noun that refers to the people who commit the act of betrayal.

Examples of betrayal can include things like cheating on a partner, breaking a promise, or revealing confidential information. When someone betrays you, it can be a very painful and difficult experience. Dealing with betrayal can involve confronting the person who betrayed you, seeking support from friends and family, and taking steps to rebuild trust and move forward.

On the other hand, traitors are people who betray their country, group, or cause. In the army, traitors are usually punished severely for their actions, as their betrayal can have serious consequences for the safety and well-being of others. Punishments for traitors can include imprisonment, execution, or other forms of punishment deemed appropriate by the military justice system.

In summary, while both “betrayal” and “traitors” relate to acts of disloyalty, “betrayal” is a noun that refers to the act itself, while “traitors” is a plural noun that refers to the people who commit the act. The consequences and methods of dealing with betrayal and traitors can also differ significantly depending on the context in which they occur.

farm = cultivar

Do they farm fish/potatoes in your area?

vs.

farming = agricultura

What do you think of fish/potato farming as a business?

The word “farm” can be used as a verb to refer to the act of cultivating or growing crops, animals or other agricultural products. For example, “They farm potatoes in their land.” In this context, “farm” is used as a synonym for “cultivate”. On the other hand, “farming” refers to the activity or industry of agriculture, including the raising of crops and livestock. For instance, “Farming is the main industry in this region.” Here, “farming” is used to describe the broader

listen to = pay attention to /hacer caso

How can you train a dog to listen to you?

Did you listen to your teachers in class when they told you to do something? Obey

vs.

listen to = escuchar

How often do you listen to music?

In Spanish, “listen to” can have different translations depending on the context.

When “listen to” means “pay attention to”, it can be translated as “prestar atención” or “hacer caso”. For example, “How can you train a dog to listen to you?” can be translated as “¿Cómo puedes entrenar a un perro para que te haga caso?” or “¿Cómo puedes entrenar a un perro para que te preste atención?” Similarly, “Did you listen to your teachers in class when they told you to do something?” can be translated as “¿Le hiciste caso a tus profesores en clase cuando te dijeron que hicieras algo?” or “¿Prestaste atención a tus profesores en clase cuando te dijeron que hicieras algo?”.

On the other hand, when “listen to” means simply “hear” or “listen”, it can be translated as “escuchar”. For example, “How often do you listen to music?” can be translated as “¿Con qué frecuencia escuchas música?”.

It’s important to pay attention to the context and meaning of the phrase in order to use the appropriate translation.

reward = premio material

Why should we get the balance right between reward and punishment when raising kids?

vs.

award = premio de reconocimiento

Do you watch the Oscar awards?

The words “reward” and “award” are similar in that they both refer to some sort of recognition or prize. However, there is a slight difference in how they are used.

“Reward” generally refers to a material or tangible prize given in exchange for good behavior, hard work, or achievement. It is often used in the context of incentives, such as employee rewards, loyalty programs, or bonuses. When it comes to raising children, rewards can be used to encourage good behavior and motivate them to work towards their goals.

“Award,” on the other hand, refers to a recognition or honor bestowed upon someone for their achievements or contributions. This can be in the form of a trophy, medal, certificate, or any other type of symbol of recognition. Awards are often given in fields such as sports, arts, sciences, and other areas of achievement. They are intended to recognize excellence and provide a sense of accomplishment and pride.

So while both words refer to some sort of recognition or prize, “reward” is more focused on material incentives, while “award” is focused on recognition and honor.

meaning = sentido/significado

What is the meaning of life?

What does meaning mean in Spanish?

vs.

point = sentido

What’s the point of having a routine?

vs.

significance = importancia

What is the significance of family in your life?

vs.

sense = sentido/esencia

Do you see sense in the current social media trends?

vs.

feeling = sentimiento

Why should we be sensitive towards other people’s feelings?

The words “meaning,” “point,” “significance,” “sense,” and “feeling” are all related to conveying a sense or understanding of something, but they have slightly different connotations.

“Meaning” refers to the significance or sense of something that can be understood or interpreted by someone. It can refer to the underlying purpose, significance, or essence of something.

“Point” refers to the reason or purpose of something, and whether it has value or significance.

“Significance” refers to the importance or value of something, and how it relates to other things or to a larger context.

“Sense” refers to the basic or essential nature of something, or to a perception or understanding that someone has of something.

“Feeling” refers to an emotional response or reaction to something, often related to empathy or sympathy towards someone else.

When using these words, it’s important to consider the appropriate context and meaning intended.

etiquettes/manners = modales

Please, give examples of good etiquette/manners?

vs.

label-= etiqueta

Why does society put labels on other people?

The terms “etiquette” and “manners” both refer to a set of socially acceptable behaviors and customs, while “modales” is the Spanish word for “manners.” These terms all relate to the way we interact with others in a polite and respectful way.

The term “etiqueta” in Spanish refers to a label or tag. However, in the context of society, labeling often refers to categorizing or identifying people based on certain characteristics, such as their race, gender, sexuality, or socioeconomic status. This practice can lead to stereotyping, discrimination, and prejudice, and is generally considered harmful and unfair.

childish = Silly/immature

What are some examples of childish behaviour?

vs.

childlike = Innocent

What are some examples of someone being childlike?

Why do some childlike high school kids who get treated badly later become childish and rude to others?

The terms “childish” and “childlike” have similar roots but are used in different ways.

“Childish” is often used to describe behavior that is immature, irresponsible, or not appropriate for someone’s age. It implies that the person is acting in a way that is not considered adult-like, and may be seen as foolish or silly. “Silly” and “immature” are both good synonyms for “childish.”

Examples of childish behavior include throwing temper tantrums, refusing to take responsibility for one’s actions, pouting or sulking when things don’t go one’s way, and engaging in name-calling or other forms of bullying.

On the other hand, “childlike” refers to qualities or behaviors that are reminiscent of a child’s innocence, wonder, and joy. It is often used in a positive context, to describe someone who is playful, imaginative, and open-minded.

Examples of someone being childlike might include having a sense of wonder and curiosity about the world, being creative and imaginative in their play and work, finding joy in simple pleasures like playing outside or reading a book, and having a sense of innocence and trust in others.

It’s important to note that while “childish” and “childlike” have different connotations, they are both related to qualities associated with childhood. The key difference is that “childish” tends to have negative connotations, while “childlike” is more positive.

Care

look after/take care of = Cuidar

Why is it essential to look after the environment?

Why is it essential to take care of the environment?

vs.

take care/be careful = Tener cuidado con

Why should you take care when moving delicate items?

Why should you be careful when moving delicate stuff?

Where can you find the sign that says “Be careful of the dog”? Is this an external threat?

vs.

Why should you be careful with dangerous and harmful products when you are handling them? Is this with the use of something? Con el uso

vs.

Why do most people care about the environment but not take care of it? Feeling vs action

The word “care” has different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. Here are some explanations for the different uses of “care” in your questions:

“Look after/take care of” – “Cuidar” in Spanish

This usage of care implies taking responsibility for something or someone, protecting or preserving it, and ensuring its well-being.

It is essential to look after/take care of the environment because we rely on it for our survival and well-being. The environment provides us with clean air, water, and food, and it also regulates the climate and supports biodiversity. Failing to take care of the environment can lead to serious consequences, such as pollution, climate change, and loss of biodiversity, which can negatively impact human health and the planet as a whole.

When moving delicate items, it is important to take care/be careful to avoid damaging them. This requires being cautious, gentle, and precise in handling the items, and taking steps to prevent accidents and mishaps.

The sign that says “Be careful of the dog” can be found on a fence or gate of a property that has a dog inside. It is a warning to visitors or passersby to be cautious and avoid entering the property, as the dog may pose a threat if provoked or if it perceives a threat.

“Take care/be careful” – “Tener cuidado con” in Spanish

This usage of care implies being cautious, attentive, and avoiding risks or harm.

When handling dangerous and harmful products, it is important to be careful to avoid accidents or exposure that can cause harm to oneself or others. This may involve wearing protective gear, following safety procedures, and handling the products in a responsible manner.

Many people may care about the environment but not take care of it because they may feel overwhelmed or unsure about what actions they can take to make a difference. Additionally, there may be economic or political barriers that prevent individuals and communities from taking action to protect the environment. However, it is important to recognize that caring about the environment must be accompanied by action to make a positive impact.

important = imortante (de relevancia) = an important process

What is the most important thing that you have to do this week?

vs.

Serious = importante (de gravedae)= serious illnesses

Mention some serious problems that a family/business can face.

The word “importante” in Spanish can be translated into English in different ways depending on the context in which it is used. Here are some examples:

“Importante” (de relevancia) = “important”

This translation refers to something that is significant or relevant, and that requires attention or priority. An example sentence is “What is the most important thing that you have to do this week?” which implies that there is a task or activity that is essential and cannot be ignored or postponed. Another example is “an important process”, which refers to a procedure or activity that is critical or necessary for achieving a particular goal or outcome.

“Importante” (de gravedad) = “serious”

This translation refers to something that is of a dangerous or harmful nature, and that can have severe consequences. An example sentence is “serious illnesses”, which implies that the illnesses are of a severe nature and can pose a threat to a person’s health or life. Another example is “serious problems”, which refers to issues that can have significant consequences for the survival and well-being of a family or business.

In summary, “importante” can be translated into English as “important” when referring to something of great relevance or significance, and as “serious” when referring to something of a dangerous or harmful nature that can have severe consequences.

be full of = lleno de

Is your city full of nice restaurants? Lleno de:

vs.

be plenty of = monton de

Are there plenty of nice restaurants in your city? Monton de

The phrase “be full of” can be used with both pronouns and nouns, while the phrase “be plenty of” is usually used with the “there is” or “there are” constructions.

For example, when using “be full of”, we can say “the room is full of people” or “she is full of energy”. In the question “Is your city full of nice restaurants?”, “your city” is a noun, while “nice restaurants” is a noun phrase.

On the other hand, “be plenty of” is often used with “there is” or “there are” to indicate the presence of a large quantity of something. For example, “there are plenty of opportunities for growth in this company” or “there is plenty of time to finish the project”. In the question “Are there plenty of nice restaurants in your city?”, “there are” is used to indicate the presence of many nice restaurants in the city.

In summary, “be full of” can be used with both pronouns and nouns, while “be plenty of” is usually used with “there is” or “there are” to describe a large quantity of something.

follow = seguir

Do you follow any celebrities on social media?

vs.

follow up = hacer seguimiento

Why is it essential to follow up on the progress of your patients as a doctor? Hacer seguimiento

The words “follow” and “follow up” have different meanings and usage, as follows:

“Follow” – “Seguir” in Spanish

This word is used to describe the act of tracking, monitoring or observing someone or something, often on social media or in real life. For example, “Do you follow any celebrities on social media?” implies that the person is interested in keeping track of the celebrities’ updates or activities. “Seguir” can be translated to “follow” in English.

“Follow up” – “Hacer seguimiento” in Spanish

This phrase is used to describe the act of checking on or monitoring the progress of someone or something, often after an initial interaction or event. For example, “Why is it essential to follow up on the progress of your patients as a doctor?” implies that it is important for a doctor to monitor their patients’ health status after an initial diagnosis or treatment. “Hacer seguimiento” can be translated to “follow up” or “monitor” in English.

In summary, “follow” is used to describe the act of tracking or monitoring someone or something, while “follow up” is used to describe the act of checking on or monitoring the progress of someone or something, often after an initial interaction or event.

Mood = mood is your feeling = estado de humor

What kinds of thing can put you in a good mood? And vice a versa.

vs.

Humor = humour is everything funny = algo gracioso de risas

Do you know anyone who used their sense of humour as a key to open doors? What makes them funny?

The words “mood” and “humor” have different meanings and usage, as follows:

“Mood” – “Estado de ánimo” in Spanish

This word is used to describe a person’s emotional state or feeling at a particular moment. It can be influenced by a variety of factors, such as the environment, events, or personal circumstances. For example, “What kinds of things can put you in a good mood?” implies that the person is asking about things that can make the individual feel happy or positive. Conversely, “vice versa” implies the opposite, asking about things that can put the person in a bad mood.

“Humor” – “Humor” in Spanish

This word is used to describe something that is funny or amusing, often associated with jokes or laughter. For example, “Do you know anyone who used their sense of humor as a key to open doors?” implies that the person is asking about someone who uses their sense of humor to gain social or professional advantages. “What makes them funny?” implies that the person is asking about the characteristics or qualities that make the individual humorous.

In summary, “mood” is used to describe a person’s emotional state or feeling at a particular moment, while “humor” is used to describe something that is funny or amusing, often associated with jokes or laughter.

must/have to = obligation to do something

What are some things that you must/have to do daily?

vs.

mustn’t = obligation not to do something = prohibition

What are some things you mustn’t do at work?

vs.

don’t have to = no obligation/Freedom/choice

What are some tasks you don’t have to do at home?

The words “must/have to”, “mustn’t”, and “don’t have to” have different meanings and usage, as follows:

“Must/have to” – “tener que” in Spanish

These words are used to express an obligation to do something. For example, “What are some things that you must/have to do daily?” implies that the person is asking about the tasks or actions that are necessary or required to be done on a daily basis.

“Mustn’t” – “no deber” in Spanish

This word is used to express a prohibition or an obligation not to do something. For example, “What are some things you mustn’t do at work?” implies that the person is asking about the behaviors or actions that are not allowed or forbidden at work.

“Don’t have to” – “no hace falta pero si quieres puedes” in Spanish

This phrase is used to express freedom or choice. It indicates that something is not required or necessary to be done. For example, “What are some tasks you don’t have to do at home?” implies that the person is asking about the tasks or actions that are optional or not necessary to be done at home.

In summary, “must/have to” expresses an obligation to do something, “mustn’t” expresses a prohibition or an obligation not to do something, and “don’t have to” expresses freedom or choice, indicating that something is not required or necessary to be done.

the middle ages = la edad media

How was your country different from the countries in the middle east in the middle ages?

vs.

someone’s middle age = la edad ente 40 y 55

Why did most people die in their middle age in the middle ages?

The difference between “the middle ages” and “someone’s middle age” is that they refer to two different things:

“The middle ages” – “la edad media” in Spanish

It refers to a period in European history between the 5th and 15th centuries, characterized by the decline of the Roman Empire, the rise of Christianity, and the emergence of feudalism. This period is also known as the medieval period.

“Someone’s middle age” – “la edad entre 40 y 55” in Spanish

It refers to a stage in a person’s life between youth and old age, usually between the ages of 40 and 55, when people may have achieved some level of stability in their personal and professional lives.

In summary, “the middle ages” refers to a historical period in Europe, while “someone’s middle age” refers to a stage in a person’s life between youth and old age.

rug = alfombra

What colour rug would you put in your bedroom between your bed and the inbuilt wardrobe?

vs.

carpet = moqueta

Why don’t most homes have carpets here as they do in the UK?

The main difference between “rug” and “carpet” is their size and installation. A rug is a smaller piece of carpet that is typically used to cover a specific area of the floor, while a carpet is a larger piece of flooring that covers an entire room. Carpets are usually installed wall-to-wall and are fixed to the floor, while rugs are not fixed and can be easily moved from one place to another.

auto = self

Why is self confidence important in life?

Why is a positive and constructive self-dialogue necessary?

How can you teach someone the importance of self-respect/self-control?

In Spanish, the word “auto” means “self” or “oneself”, and it is often used in compound words such as “autoconfianza” (self-confidence) or “autodominio” (self-control).

spine = columna de espalda

What can you do to keep your spine safe?

vs.

fish bones = espinas

Which fish has the least amount of bones?

The false friends “spine” and “espinas” have similar spellings and pronunciation, but they have very different meanings. “Spine” refers to the column of bones that make up the backbone of humans and animals. It is used in the context of anatomy and health. On the other hand, “fish bones” or “espinas” are the bony structures that are found in fish and can be swallowed accidentally. It is used in the context of food and cooking. Therefore, while “spine” is related to the human body and health, “fish bones” are related to food preparation and consumption.

plug = attached to the device

What is the difference between the plugs in your country and the ones in England?

vs.

socket = in the wall

How many sockets do you have in your living room?

The word “plug” typically refers to the part of a device or appliance that is attached to an electrical outlet or socket, while the word “socket” refers to the opening in the wall where the plug is inserted to provide power.

For example, a phone charger has a plug that is inserted into a socket on the wall to charge the phone. The plug is the part that is attached to the charger and is inserted into the socket. The socket, on the other hand, is the opening in the wall where the plug is inserted.

When discussing the differences between plugs in different countries, the focus would be on the physical differences in the plug itself, such as the shape of the prongs or the voltage it is designed for. When discussing sockets, the focus would be on the number and location of the sockets in the wall.

Explain

explicame algo = incorrect = this cannot be translated into English in this word order.

explica algo a me – explica a mi algo = correct = this is the correct Word order in English.

Bad Spanish is good English. Good Spanish is bad English.

Can you explain how to use this structure to me?

Who explains things about life to you when you need it?

The verb “explain” in English requires a specific word order when it comes to the placement of objects. In English, the correct order is to have the direct object come immediately after the verb and before the indirect object, if there is one. So, the correct structure would be “explain something to someone” or “explain to someone something.”

For example, “Explain to me how to use this structure” is the correct word order in English.

In Spanish, the incorrect word order would be “Explicame algo,” which directly translates to “Explain me something.” The correct order would be “Explica algo a mi” or “Explica a mi algo,” where the direct object comes after the verb and before the indirect object, if there is one.

As for the questions, “Can you explain how to use this structure to me?” is the correct word order in English, while “Who explains things about life to you when you need it?” is a grammatically correct sentence in English.

la forma de ser = the nature (with the article)

Where do you stand on the nature vs. nurture debate?

vs.

la naturaleza = nature (without the article)

Where can you go to enjoy nature in your area?

What is the nature of a successful entrepreneur/company? La forma de ser

vs.

How can you educate people to treat nature better? La naturaleza

In Spanish, the definite article “la” is used with “la forma de ser” to refer to the nature or inherent qualities of a person or thing. On the other hand, “la naturaleza” is used without the definite article to refer to the natural world, environment or the physical universe.

In the first set of examples, “the nature vs. nurture debate” is translated as “el debate de la naturaleza frente a la crianza” in Spanish, where “naturaleza” does not take the definite article because it refers to the abstract concept of nature. However, “la forma de ser” is used to translate “nature” in the phrase “the nature of a successful entrepreneur/company”, which refers to the inherent qualities or character traits that contribute to success.

In the second set of examples, “nature” is used to refer to the natural world or environment, which is translated as “la naturaleza” in Spanish without the definite article. For instance, “Where can you go to enjoy nature in your area?” can be translated as “¿Dónde puedes ir para disfrutar de la naturaleza en tu área?”

In contrast, “How can you educate people to treat nature better?” uses “la naturaleza” to refer to the physical world or environment.

Adelantar

You can do your work in advance and then have the option to bring forward your holidays because you have finished your work.

Do in advance = con antelacion

Why do some service providers ask to be paid in advance?

vs.

Bring forward = cambiar la fecha para una anterior

Should you be allowed to bring forward your holidays if you are up to date with your work?

“Adelantar” can have multiple meanings in Spanish, including “to do in advance” and “to bring forward.”

When “adelantar” is used to mean “do in advance” it can be translated to “con antelación” in Spanish. For example, “puedes adelantar tu trabajo para tener la opción de tomar vacaciones” could be translated to “you can do your work in advance and then have the option to take holidays.”

When “adelantar” is used to mean “bring forward” it can be translated to “cambiar la fecha para una anterior” in Spanish. For example, “deberías tener permitido adelantar tus vacaciones si estás al día con tu trabajo” could be translated to “should you be allowed to bring forward your holidays if you are up to date with your work?”

So, depending on the context, “adelantar” can have different meanings and translations in English.

I saw him leave. = You saw the whole action

vs.

I saw him leaving. = You saw a part of the action

In a court of law, who would be considered a more reliable witness: the one who saw something happen or the one who saw something happening? Why?

The difference between “I saw him leave” and “I saw him leaving” is the aspect of the action that is being described. “I saw him leave” implies that you witnessed the entire action of him leaving, from start to finish. On the other hand, “I saw him leaving” implies that you saw only a part of the action, likely as it was in progress.

For example, if you say “I saw him leave” it means you saw him walk out the door completely, while if you say “I saw him leaving” it means you saw him in the act of leaving, but may not have seen the moment he was completely out of sight.

This difference in verb tense and aspect is important in conveying a specific level of detail and completion of an action.

100

company – firm = empresa

Can we use the word ENTERPRISE to refer to an EMPRESA in normal conversation?

Do we need to use the word COMPANY instead?

Is the word Firm a synonym of the word Company?

What is the biggest company in your region?

What are some common issues faced by a company?

vs.

company = la compañía

Who gives you the best company in your family and friends?

Why should we avoid bad company?

vs.

company = invitados – la visita

How often do you have company at your house?

The words “company” and “firm” can both be translated to “empresa” in Spanish, and they generally refer to a business organization. “Firm” is a less common synonym of “company” and usually implies a smaller or more specialized business, such as a law firm or accounting firm.

“Enterprise” can also be translated to “empresa” in Spanish, but it generally refers to a larger and more complex organization that may have multiple divisions or subsidiaries. In normal conversation, “company” or “empresa” is more commonly used than “enterprise.”

“Company” is also used to refer to the people who accompany someone like companions or visit someone’s house, like “guests” or “visitors.”

101

Incorrect: they don’t tell the TRUE

Correct: they don’t tell the TRUTH

true is an adjective which means verdadero

truth is a noun which means verdad

The true is that … = incorrect
The truth is that… = correct

true = adjective = verdadero
truth = noun = la verdad

Is it true that you always realise it when someone is not telling the truth?

The words “true” and “truth” are related but have different uses and translations in Spanish:

“True” is an adjective used to describe something that is accurate, correct, or in accordance with facts or reality. In Spanish, “true” can be translated as “verdadero” or “cierto”. For example, “It is true that he is a good musician” can be translated as “Es verdadero que es un buen músico” or “Es cierto que es un buen músico”.

“Truth” is a noun that refers to the state or quality of being true or the fact or reality of something. In Spanish, “truth” can be translated as “verdad”. For example, “The truth is that he didn’t steal anything” can be translated as “La verdad es que no robó nada”

102

politics = profession – subject

Why do so many people avoid talking about politics with others?

vs.

politician = person

Who is your most respected politician ever? Why?

vs.

political party = partido politico

Can you describe a couple of political parties that run for elections in your country?

vs.

match = partido de deporte

What would you say about a person who never misses a match in the league?

The difference between the terms “politics”, “politician”, “political party”, and “match” is as follows:

“Politics” refers to both a profession and a subject that deals with the government and its affairs. It can refer to the activities associated with running a government or the principles and policies involved in governing a country or community.

“Politician” refers to a person who is involved in politics as a profession or who holds an elected or appointed position in government. They are responsible for making and implementing policies that impact society as a whole.

“Political party” refers to a group of individuals who share common beliefs and ideologies regarding the government and its policies. They work together to get their candidates elected to public office and to promote their political agenda.

“Match” refers to a sporting event where two teams or individuals compete against each other.

103

enamorarse

How easy is it for teens to get struck by cupid compared to adults??

How easy is it for teens to get the love bug compared to adults??

How easy is it for teens to get infatuated with someone compared to adults??

How easy is it for teens to have a crush on someone compared to adults?

All of the phrases you listed are valid ways to express the idea of “enamorarse” in English, and they have slightly different connotations:

“Get struck by Cupid” implies a sudden and powerful experience of falling in love, as if it were an outside force acting upon the person.

“Get the love bug” is a more casual and lighthearted way of expressing the same idea, and is often used to describe temporary infatuations or crushes.

“Get infatuated with someone” suggests a strong attraction or obsession with someone, but may not necessarily imply the deeper emotional connection of true love.

“Have a crush on someone” is a more common phrase used to describe a temporary infatuation or attraction to someone, often without any real expectation of a relationship.

In general, these phrases all suggest some level of romantic attraction or infatuation, but may convey slightly different levels of intensity or duration. As for the question, it’s difficult to say whether teens are more prone to falling in love than adults, as both groups can experience strong emotions of attraction and connection. However, teenagers may be more likely to experience intense and fleeting crushes, while adults may be more focused on finding lasting relationships.

104

strange = raro

Who is the strangest person you have ever met?

Are all foreign cultures strange?

vs.

stranger = desconocido

What should you do when you find yourself in a new place with lots of strangers around you?

Why should children never speak to strangers?

vs.

foreigner = extranjero

Have you ever been a foreigner in a place? What would life be like living as a foreigner in a foreign land?

How can you attract more foreign companies to come to your area?

How are foreigners treated by the people in your area mostly?

What is the best strategy a company can use to compete with its competitors?

“Strange” and “raro” refer to something that is unusual or not normal. For example, you might describe someone’s behavior or appearance as “strange” or “raro” if it is different from what you expect or are used to.

“Stranger” and “desconocido” both refer to someone you don’t know. A stranger could be someone you encounter in a new place, someone who approaches you on the street, or someone you meet for the first time at a party.

“Foreigner” and “extranjero” refer to someone from another country. As an adjective, “foreign” means “from another country” or “not native”. You might use these terms to describe someone’s nationality or to talk about different cultures.

105

The social class system

The untouchables

Working class

Lower middle class

Middle class

Upper middle class

Upper class

Elite/The ruling elite/The ruling class

How is the lifestyle of these classes different from each other?

The social class system refers to the categorization of individuals in society based on their economic status, occupation, and education, among other factors. Here are the translations of the different social classes mentioned:

The untouchables: Los intocables (this refers to a specific social class in India that is traditionally considered outside of the caste system and often relegated to menial jobs)

Working class: Clase trabajadora

Lower middle class: Clase media baja

Middle class: Clase media

Upper middle class: Clase media alta

Upper class: Clase alta

Elite/The ruling elite/The ruling class: Élite/La élite gobernante/La clase dominante

106

cloth = cloths – cleaning cloths = three (pronunciation of the TH)

What is the material of your cleaning cloth?

vs.

clothes = an item of clothing – two items of clothing = the (pronunciation of the TH)

What’s your favourite item of clothing?

Where do you buy your clothes from?

factories = fabricas

Do you know anyone who works in a factory?

vs.

fabric = tela

Are there any factories (fabricas) that make fabric (tela) in your area?

“Cloth” refers to a material made of fibers, such as cotton or silk, that can be used for making clothing, linens, or other items. “Cloths” refers to multiple pieces of cloth, and “cleaning cloths” specifically refers to pieces of cloth used for cleaning.

On the other hand, “clothes” refers to items of clothing that people wear, such as shirts, pants, dresses, and jackets. “Factories” refer to places where goods are produced, while “fabric” refers to the material that is used to make clothing, linens, or other items.

107

censura (n)

vs.

censurar (v)

What are your views on censorship where the authorities try to censor the content on TV?

The difference between “censura” (n) and “censurar” (v) is that “censura” refers to the act of censoring or the state of being censored, while “censurar” refers to the act of censoring something or someone.

For example, “censura” would be used in a sentence like “La censura del gobierno en los medios de comunicación es preocupante” which means “The government’s censorship of the media is concerning”. Here, “censura” is a noun referring to the act of censorship.

On the other hand, “censurar” would be used in a sentence like “La película fue censurada por su contenido violento” which means “The movie was censored for its violent content”. Here, “censurar” is a verb meaning “to censor”.

108

reader = lector

What kinds of books do you like as a reader?

vs.

reading = lectura

How important is reading to you?

vs.

lecture = a university lesson or a long life lesson

Why aren’t university lectures more interactive?

When was the last time your parents gave you a lecture about soemthing?

vs.

lecturer = catedratico

Do you know anyone who is a lecturer at a university?

“Reader” and “lector” refer to a person who reads books.

The difference between “reading” and “lecture” is that “reading” refers to the activity of looking at and understanding the meaning of written or printed words, while “lecture” refers to a speech or talk given to a group of people to teach them about a particular subject.

The difference between “lecture” and “lecturer” is that “lecture” refers to a university lesson or a long life lesson, while “lecturer” refers to a person who teaches at a university or other educational institution.

109

an employee’s market = the market conditions favour the workers

vs.

an employer’s market = the market conditions favour business owners/companies

What are the signs of the shift from an employee’s market to an employer’s market?

An employee’s market is a market condition in which the demand for workers is higher than the supply, giving employees the upper hand in negotiations for better pay, benefits, and working conditions. In other words, it’s a market condition where employers have to compete with each other to attract and retain employees.

On the other hand, an employer’s market is a market condition in which the supply of workers is higher than the demand, giving employers the upper hand in negotiations. This means that job seekers have limited options and may have to settle for lower wages or fewer benefits.

110

alter = arreglo de ropa – cambiar

Do you ever have your clothes altered by a tailor or seamstress?

vs.

repair-fix = arreglar

Who do you have repair/fix your car when there are issues with it?

The difference between “alter” and “repair/fix” is that one meaning of “alter” refers to making changes to clothing, typically through tailoring or seamstress work, while “repair/fix” is a more general term that can apply to any object that needs to be fixed or restored to working condition.

For example, if a piece of clothing is too big or too long, it may need to be altered by a tailor to fit properly. On the other hand, if a car has a flat tire or a malfunctioning engine, it may need to be repaired or fixed by a mechanic.

So, when asking about alterations, the focus here is on clothing, while when asking about repairs or fixes, the focus is on any object that needs to be restored to working condition.

111

CV – resume (re siu mei) = curriculum vitae

Why do companies ask candidates to send their CV’s/resumes?

vs.

resume (re sium) = retomar algo despues de una pausa

How easy or hard is it to resume a conversation after a long interruption?

vs.

summary = resumen

Tell me the summary of the last book you read.

vs.

curriculum = plan de estudios + metodólogia + las necesidades de la sociedad/mercado laboral

Is the current curriculum really adapted to the job market?

vs.

syllabus = plan de estudios (solo la materia)

What kinds of things are included in the syllabus during the baccalaureate?

CV (curriculum vitae) and resume are both documents used in job applications, but there are some differences between them. A CV is a more comprehensive and detailed document that lists an individual’s education, work experience, skills, publications, and other relevant information. It is typically used in academic and research fields, and in some countries, such as Europe, it is the preferred format for job applications.

On the other hand, a resume is a shorter and more concise document that summarizes an individual’s work experience, education, and skills in a way that is relevant to the job being applied for. It is more commonly used in the United States and other countries, and it is typically one or two pages long.

Resume (re sium) is also a verb that means to begin again after a pause or interruption. For example, you might resume a conversation that was interrupted by a phone call.

Summary, on the other hand, refers to a brief statement that gives the main points or highlights of a longer text or document. It is often used in academic and business settings to provide a quick overview of a report, presentation, or other written material.

Curriculum refers to the overall plan or program of education, including the courses, teaching methods, and materials used. It is designed to meet the needs of students and the demands of the job market or society.

Syllabus is a term used to refer to the specific course of study for a particular subject or class. It outlines the topics to be covered, the assignments and exams, and other important details for the course.

112

subject = asignatura

What was your favourite subject at school?

vs.

signature = firma

How easy or hard is it to copy your signature?

vs.

sign = firmar

When was the last time you had to sign an official document?

vs.

sign = señal

What are the benefits of understanding the signs that your partner/parents give you in a social situation?

firm = empresa – firme

Do you know anyone who works for a law firm?

Why should our attitude be firm towards bullies?

113

ing vs. ed adjectives

ing = ser aburrido = ing

vs.

ed = estar aburrido = ed

What kinds of boring things make you feel bored?

What kinds of interesting things are you interested in?

What kinds of exciting things make you feel excited?

What kinds of tiring activities make you feel tired?

The difference between “-ing” and “-ed” adjectives lies in the way they describe the quality of the noun they modify.

“-ing” adjectives describe a characteristic or quality of the subject or object, as if it possesses the quality. For example, “boring” in “I find watching paint dry boring” describes the paint as possessing the quality of being boring. It is also commonly used to describe a person’s feelings or emotions. In the sentence “What kinds of boring things make you feel bored?”, “boring” describes the things as possessing the quality of being boring.

“-ed” adjectives, on the other hand, describe the subject’s state or feeling, as if the quality is being done to the subject. For example, “bored” in “I am bored of watching paint dry” describes the speaker’s state or feeling of being bored. It is also commonly used to describe a person’s physical or emotional state. In the sentence “What kinds of tiring activities make you feel tired?”, “tiring” describes the activities as causing the feeling of tiredness in the subject.

So, to summarize:

“-ing” adjectives describe a quality or characteristic of the subject or object.

“-ed” adjectives describe the subject’s state or feeling resulting from the quality of the noun.

114

commercial = anuncio o relacionado con comercio

Do you enjoy watching commercials on TV?

Describe the difficulties that you would have in a commercial area compared to a residential one.

vs.

sales person or related to sales = comercial

What are the responsibilities of the sales department in a company?

What makes a good salesperson?

The difference between “commercial” and “comercial” lies in their meanings and usage.

“Commercial” can have two meanings. It can refer to something related to commerce or business, such as a commercial area or commercial activity. It can also refer to an advertisement or promotional message intended to sell a product or service. Example: “Do you enjoy watching commercials on TV?” or “The commercial district is bustling with activity during the day.”

“Comercial” is a Spanish word that translates to “salesperson” or something related to sales, such as commercial sales or a commercial department. Example: “What are the responsibilities of the sales department in a company?” or “What makes a good salesperson?”

Therefore, in the first set of examples, “commercial” is used to refer to an advertisement or a place of business, while in the second set of examples, “comercial” is used to refer to someone who works in sales or related to sales.

In summary:

“Commercial” refers to something related to commerce or business, or an advertisement/promotional message intended to sell a product or service.

“Comercial” is a Spanish word that refers to a salesperson or something related to sales.

115

four thirty pm

half past four in the afternoon

half past four pm = incorrect

What were you doing at 4:30 pm yesterday compared to 4:30 am yesterday?

What were you doing at half past four in the afternoon compared to half past four in the morning yesterday?

“Four thirty pm” and “half past four in the afternoon” both refer to the same time, which is 4:30 in the afternoon. Both phrases are correct and can be used interchangeably to refer to this time.

However, “half past four pm” is not correct. It would be more correct to say “half past four” or “four thirty pm.”

116

lesson = normal classes

vs.

lecture = a university class

What are the differences between lessons at school and lectures at university?

“Lesson” and “lecture” are both related to education, but they have different meanings and usages.

“Lesson” generally refers to a regular class or session of instruction in a school or educational setting. It can be used to describe a class at any level, from primary school to university. Example: “I have a lesson in math every Monday afternoon.”

“Lecture” specifically refers to a formal presentation or speech given by a teacher or expert on a particular subject, usually in a university or college setting. A lecture is often part of a course and is intended to provide in-depth information on a specific topic. Example: “I attended a lecture on quantum physics at the university yesterday.”

In summary:

“Lesson” refers to a regular class or session of instruction in a school or educational setting.

“Lecture” specifically refers to a formal presentation or speech given by a teacher or expert on a particular subject, usually in a university or college setting.

117

number of something = countable

What is the longest number of hours you have worked in a week? countable

vs.

amount of something = uncountable

What is the most amount of work you have done in a week? uncountable

118

Grow = Size vs. Grow up = size and maturity

Which one only refers to size only?

Which one refers to size and maturity?

What kinds of things help your muscles to grow?

Are you able to grow as a professional in your current job?

vs.

How can you help an immature kid grow up according to his/her age?

Grow up = crecer

Do all kids grow up as they are growing?

Where did you grow up?

vs.

Bring up = criar

Where were you brought up?

“Grow” and “grow up” have different meanings and uses:

“Grow” refers to the increase in size or quantity of something. Example: “The plant grew taller after I watered it.”

“Grow up” can refer to both the increase in size and the development of maturity or adulthood. Example: “When I grow up, I want to be a doctor.” In this sentence, “grow up” refers to both the physical growth and the development of maturity.

“Grow up” can also be used to mean “to be raised” or “to be brought up.” In this sense, it is similar in meaning to “bring up.” For example, “I grew up in a small town” means that you were raised or brought up in a small town. Similarly, “My parents brought me up to be independent” means that your parents raised you to be independent.

In summary:

“Grow” refers to the increase in size or quantity of something.

“Grow up” can refer to both the increase in size or quantity of something and the development of maturity or adulthood. It can also mean “to be raised” or “to be brought up.”

“Bring up” means “to raise” or “to rear” someone, especially a child, to maturity.

119

support = apoyar/sujetar

Would your family support all your decisions?

vs.

put up with/cope with = soportar/aguantar

What kind of behaviour can’t you put up with/cope with?

I can’t stand it

I can’t put up with it

I can’t bear it

I can’t deal with it

I can’t cope with it

“Support” and “put up with/cope with” are different in meaning and usage:

“Support” means to help, encourage, or back someone or something up. It can also mean to hold up or keep something in place physically. Example: “My family supports my decision to go back to school.” In this sentence, “support” means to help or encourage.

“Put up with/cope with” means to tolerate or endure a difficult situation or behavior. It implies that the situation or behavior is unpleasant, but you are dealing with it. Example: “I can’t put up with your constant interruptions while I’m trying to work.” In this sentence, “put up with” means to tolerate or endure.

“I can’t stand it,” “I can’t put up with it,” “I can’t bear it,” “I can’t deal with it,” and “I can’t cope with it” all express a similar sentiment of being unable to tolerate or endure something. These phrases are often used interchangeably in informal conversation to convey frustration or exasperation.

In summary:

“Support” means to help, encourage, or back up someone or something, or to hold up or keep something in place physically.

“Put up with/cope with” means to tolerate or endure a difficult situation or behavior.

120

make out = Entender

vs.

make out = Fingir

Can you make out when someone is making out that they are happy when they are actually not?

“Make out” has two different meanings, which can cause confusion:

“Make out” can mean “to understand or comprehend something,” as in “I can’t quite make out what you’re saying.” In this sense, it is used to describe the act of perceiving or interpreting something correctly.

“Make out” can also mean “to pretend or feign,” as in “He made out like he didn’t know anything about it.” In this sense, it is used to describe the act of pretending or acting in a certain way.

The context and usage of the phrase will make clear which meaning is intended. For example, if someone says “I can’t make out what you’re saying,” it means they are having trouble hearing or understanding what the other person is saying. On the other hand, if someone says “She made out like she didn’t know what was going on,” it means she pretended not to know.

In summary:

“Make out” can mean “to understand or comprehend something.”

“Make out” can also mean “to pretend or feign.”

The context and usage of the phrase will make clear which meaning is intended.

121

Made by = Agent

Who was your favourite movie made by?

vs.

Made of = The material doesn’t change its form

What is your dining table made of?

vs.

Made from = The material changes form

What is cider made from?

vs.

Made with = Tool

Who was Mona Lisa made by and what was it made with?

vs.

Made in = Place

Why are products that are made in Japan considered more reliable that the one’s made in China?

The words “made by,” “made of,” “made from,” “made with,” and “made in” have different meanings and uses:

“Made by” refers to the agent or creator of something. For example, “Who was your favorite movie made by?” means who was the director or producer of the movie.

“Made of” refers to the material or substance that something is composed of, without changing its original form. For example, “What is your dining table made of?” refers to the material from which the table is constructed.

“Made from” refers to the material or substance that something is made by changing the original form of the material. For example, “What is cider made from?” refers to the raw material, like apples, that is processed to make the cider.

“Made with” refers to the tool, instrument, or means that is used to create or make something. For example, “Who was Mona Lisa made by and what was it made with?” refers to the painter and the tools used to create the painting.

“Made in” refers to the place or location where something is produced or manufactured. For example, “Why are products that are made in Japan considered more reliable than the ones made in China?” refers to the country where the product is manufactured.

In summary:

“Made by” refers to the agent or creator of something.

“Made of” refers to the material or substance that something is composed of, without changing its original form.

“Made from” refers to the material or substance that something is made by changing the original form of the material.

“Made with” refers to the tool, instrument, or means that is used to create or make something.

“Made in” refers to the place or location where something is produced or manufactured.

122

Many vs. Much = A lot of

Many + countable nouns

vs.

Much + uncountable nouns

I suggest that you stop using the words many and much with nouns you are not sure about and use A LOT OF instead.

If you follow this tip, how would that affect your speaking?

Do you know anyone who has a lot of cars? Countable

Do you know anyone who drinks a lot of coffee? Uncountable

Do you know anyone who has visited a lot of countries? Countable

Do you know anyone who has eats a lot of rice? Uncountable

The correct usage of “many” and “much” has to be precise with countable and uncountable nouns, respectively. However, if someone is not sure about the countability of a noun, they should use “a lot of” instead to avoid making mistakes.

123

control = authority and power over something/someone

Who controls society?

How much can you control your thought and behaviour now compared to when you were younger?

vs.

stop and check = control de policia

When was the last time you saw the police stopping and checking cars?

be an expert in/do something well = controlar un tema

What are you an expert in?

How well do you speak English?

master something/be an expert in something = Dominar algo

How long does it take to master a language?

The concept of “control” is used similarly in both Spanish and English when it refers to authority and power over something or someone. However, there are some nuances in how the term is used in different contexts.

In Spanish, “control” can also refer to the act of monitoring, supervising, or regulating something, especially in the context of police or security control. So, the phrase “control de policía” is more commonly used in Spanish to refer to a police checkpoint or a stop-and-check operation.

In English, the term “control” is less commonly used to refer to police checkpoints or stop-and-check operations, and “stop and check” or “roadblock” are more commonly used.

Similarly, while the term “controlar” in Spanish can also mean “to be an expert in” or “to do something well,” it is not as commonly used in this sense as it is in English. In English, the phrase “to be in control of” is more commonly used to mean being an expert in or mastering something.

Overall, while the concept of “control” is used similarly in Spanish and English, there are some differences in how the term is used in different contexts and in different expressions.

124

Personal You (tu – only you can answer this question.)

What did you do at the weekend?

What do you like to have for breakfast?

vs.

Impersonal You (vos – refers to everyone – Se)

What should you do in case of a fire?

What can you have for breakfast at McDonald’s?

The main difference between personal you and impersonal you is that personal you refers to the person being addressed, while impersonal you refers to an indefinite or general group of people.

Personal you is used when the speaker is addressing a specific person or group of people, and the answer can only be provided by that person or group. For example, “What did you do at the weekend?” and “What do you like to have for breakfast?” are both personal you questions because they require an answer from the person being addressed.

On the other hand, impersonal you is used to refer to an indefinite or general group of people, and the answer is not specific to any individual. For example, “What should you do in case of a fire?” is an impersonal you question because it is directed to a general group of people, and the answer applies to anyone who finds themselves in that situation. Similarly, “What can you have for breakfast at McDonald’s?” is an impersonal you question because it is directed to anyone who might be interested in what breakfast options are available at McDonald’s.

125

Until = hasta = tiempo
I will stay there until next Sunday.
Until what time were you allowed to stay up as a teenager?

vs.
Upto = hasta = otros conceptos como la distancia
I can run upto 2 kilometres only.

Up to how many sit ups can you do in one go?

Both “until” and “up to” can be translated as “hasta” in Spanish, but they are used in different contexts and with different meanings.

“Until” is used to express a time or a point in time up to which something will happen or last. For example, “I will stay there until next Sunday” means that the person will stay at that place until Sunday of the next week.

“On the other hand, “up to” is used to indicate the maximum limit of something, often in terms of distance, quantity, or degree. For example, “I can run up to 2 kilometres only” means that the person can run a maximum of 2 kilometres. Another example, “Up to how many sit-ups can you do in one go?” means what is the maximum number of sit-ups that a person can do in one attempt.

So, while both words can be translated as “hasta” in Spanish, “until” is used to refer to time or a point in time, while “up to” is used to refer to a limit or a maximum value.

126

Line = linea – cola
Can you draw a straight line without using a ruler?

vs.
Lane = carril

How important is it to stay in your lane when you are driving?

vs.

Queue = cola

Where can we find really long queues?

“Line” can refer to a straight or curved mark made on a surface with a pen, pencil, or other writing instrument. It can also refer to a group of people or objects arranged in a row or sequence. In the context of “cola”, “line” can refer to the act of standing in a queue or waiting in a line.

“Lane” refers to a narrow road or passage, typically used for vehicles. It can also refer to a designated area for a specific purpose, such as a swimming lane or bowling lane.

“Queue” refers to a line of people or things waiting for something. It can also refer to a data structure in computer science where elements are stored in a sequence, and the first element to be added is the first to be removed (FIFO – first in, first out).

In summary, “line” can refer to a straight or curved mark, a row or sequence of people or objects, or the act of waiting in a queue. “Lane” refers to a narrow road or designated area. “Queue” refers specifically to a line of people or things waiting for something.

127

unless = a menos que
If a person didn’t want to say hello to you unless you said it first, would you take the first step and say hello to them?

vs.

at least = por lo menos

If your workers finished the work late, would you be completely annoyed or would a part of you think that at least the work is finished?

vs.

at last = al fin algo ha pasado

When was the last time you waited for something for a while and then at last it happened?

128

They want that we collaborate = incorrect

They want us to collaborate = correct
S + want + indirect object + to inf
I want you to study this.
You want her to explain this.
She wants him to work harder.

What do you want me to explain about the English language?
What do you want your best friend to give you for your birthday?
What did your parents want you to be when you eventually grew up?

129

Education = academic only
Are educated people always polite?

Vs.
Upbringing = educacion de casa/crianza (values/manners)
How would you describe you upbringing?

Vs.
polite = educado en valores y modales

What are the advantages of always being polite?

Vs.

Education + upbringing = Formation

Whose responsibility is it to give children a good formation?

vs.

manners = los modales

How can you teach your kids good manners?

vs.

table manner = compartamiento a la hora de comer

Who taught you table manners when you were little

Grow up = crecer/madurar

Where did you grow up?

Vs.

Bring up = criar

Which city is the best to bring up your kids?

130

You can go to the street = incorrect
Ir a la calle = go outside
You can go outside = correct
Why don't parents allow their kids to play outside like in the past?

vs.
street = calle/callejero

How would you describe street life for those kids who are on the streets?

131

moneda y billetes

coin = 10 cents, 50 cents etc
How many coins do you have in your pocket right now?

vs.
currency = dollar/euro/pound/rupee
What's the most valuable currency in the world right now?

vs.

note = billetes (dinero)

What is the biggest note you have in circulation in your country?

vs.

tickets = billetes

How much does a bus ticket cost from your city to the airport?

132

to be born = correct
to born = incorrect

I was born a long time ago. When I was born, things were different from when you were born; unless, you were born around the time I was born.
Children are being born in a world which is full of hope and fear. They are born not knowing what the future has in store for them.
Hopefully, the future generations will be born in a world where hope has defeated fear. We have to work now so that when the children of the future are born, they will look back and say thank you to us.

Where were you born?
How many babies are born every day?
Where are your great grandchildren going to be born?

133

Work in vs. Work on
Work in: inside an entity/in an area
I work in that company in Bilbao in the marketing department.

Which company do you work in?
Which city do you work in?
Vs.
Work on: desarollar/para mejorar
I am working on a new marketing campaign.
What are you currently working on and when will it finish?

Which part of your personality do you want to work on?

Which skills do you need to work on?

134

win vs. beat

We win things like competitions, matches, trophies, medals etc…
Have you ever won a competition/trophy/medal/lottery?

Vs.
We beat our opponents

When was the last time you beat your best friend at a sport?

135

presupuesto vs. presupuesto vs. presupuesto

Quote/Quotation: the price they give you for something

Why is it good to get a quote/quotation from various companies before making your mind up?

Vs.

Budget = the total amount of money you have for something

What is your budget for your next holiday?

vs.

estimate = calculo de costes

What is the estimate of your next month’s spending?

136

Demanding: Exigente

He is a demanding boss = Exigente

How demanding were your parents?

Be in demand = todos lo quieren tener

The product is in demand = Demandao

Which skills/products are in demand nowadays?

137

Guess = Adivinar/acertar

Can you guess how much money I have in my pocket? Adivinar

When was the last time you guessed something correctly? Acertarlo

Vs.

Guest = invitado

How do you treat guests when they come to your house and you are the host?

Vs.

Host = huesped/presentador

What are the responsibilities of a chat show host?

138

Compliments = Stop giving me compliments

Why is it important to give compliments to your partner regularly without being over the top?

Complement = This exercise complements this unit

What do you do to complement the work you do in class in your free time?

Accessories = Complementos: earrings, chains, scarves etc

Which computer accessory did you buy last?

139

Everyday = Todos los dias

What is something you do every day?

All day = Todo el dia

When was the last time you had to work all day without food?

140

Neighbourhood = barrio

Describe your neighbourhood.

Suburbs = urbanizacion

What kind of people like to live in the suburbs?

Ghetto = poor and rough area of a city

What kinds of issues are found in ghettos?

vecino vs. barrio

What kinds of neighbours do you have in your neighbourhood?

141

neither – nor

What is something that you neither like nor dislike?

How many people do you have in your life that you neither like nor dislike in your life?

vs.

either – or

If you couldn’t get either recognition or a pay rise at work after a lot of effort, would you continue working there?

If you haven’t eaten or drunk all day, how would that affect your mood/performance?

142

have on – wear – be dressed in = llevar puesto

What do you have on?

What are you wearing?

What are you dressed in?

vs.

put on = ponerse

Do you have a special place for you to put your clothes on in your house?

vs.

get dressed = vestirse

Do you know someone who takes long to get dressed?

formal clothes = ropa muy elegante y para sitios formales

Why do some companies require their employees to dress up in formal clothes/clothing?

vs.

smart clothes = ropa elegante y bonita

What are the benefits of wearing smart clothes?

vs.

casual clothes = ropa normal

Why have some companies and schools relaxed their rules and allowed people to be dressed in casual clothes?

vs.

smart = inteligente

Who is the smartest person you know?

143

Habit = individual

What are some good habits and bad habits in a person?

Vs.

Custom = collective = singular and plural form is possible

Describe some local customs and compare them to customs we find in other countries.

Vs.

Customs = aduanas = siempre lleva la s

What are the duties of the customs department?

144

Take = aguantar vs. tomar (no para comer y beber) vs. llevar vs. tardar

aguantar = I can’t take this pressure anymore.

What would you do if you couldn’t take the pressure at work?

vs.

tomar (de comer y beber = no) = Let’s take things easy from now on.

Why is it important for us to take things easy in life?

vs.

llevar = Please, take this to John in the other room.

When was the last time you took someone to the cinema? What did you watch?

vs.

tardar = This flight is going to take three hours.

How long did your last flight take?

vs.

coger con la mano = Please, take the red cup from the shelf.

Can you please take the first thing you see and put it into your pocket? What was it?

vs.

robar = The thief took all of Maria’s money from the wallet.

Why is it a bad thing to take other people’s things?

145

It’s on the house = paga la casa

Why would the owner of a bar say that the drinks are on the house?

It’s my treat /It’s on me = te invite yo – pago yo

When was the last time you told someone that it was your treat when you went to a restaurant?

Vs.

I will treat you to a meal/coffee etc. = te invite yo

When was the last time someone treated you to a coffee?

Vs.

I invite you to a dinner/an event = una invitacion oficial

Who would you invite to your birthday party/wedding/anniversary?

146

Economical = cost effective

Which mode of transport is the most economical?

Economic = de economia colectiva de una region

What are some economic problems that you are aware of?

Financial = de economia personal/de economía de una empresa

What should a person/a company do if they want to avoid financial problems?

147

Advise = Aconsejar = verb form has an S

Who is the last person you advised?

Vs.

Advice = consejo = noun form has a C

What advice did you give them?

Warn = Avisar (v)

What can we do to warn kids of the dangers of tobacco and drugs in general?

Warning = aviso (n) advertencia

Would these warnings work?

Notify = Informar

What’s the best way to notify your employee that they are fired?

Notice = Notificacion

How would this notification make them feel?

vs.

Advertisement – advertising = publicidad – propaganda

What makes an advertisement good?

Why is advertising important for a business?

vs.

propaganda = propaganda

As propaganda often includes misleading information and even lies, then, why do so many people believe it?

148

Amusement park = parque de atracciones

What is the difference between an amusement park and a theme park?

Which one would you prefer to go to?

Vs.

Theme park = parquet tematico

Which theme park would you like to go to?

Vs.

Funfair = feria que tiene atracciones

How often does a funfair come to your area?

Vs.

Rides = atracciones

What is your favourite ride?

149

Tough = hard

If you are a tough person, you are resilient.

If a situation is tough, it is hard/difficult for you. In the same way, if a person is tough on you/for you, that person is difficult for you.

One thing is being tough yourself; another thing is facing tough people or situations.

How tough are you as a person? resilient

vs.

What is the toughest situation you have had to deal with? dificil/duro

How would you deal with a tough boss? dificil/duro

150

Know vs. Meet

We first meet someone or visit a place. Then, we get to know them. If we are lucky and meet the person regularly or visit the place regularly we learn enough about them to say that we truly and really know them as a person or a place. Mostly, we only know people and places superficially; meaning we can identify them but not know them from the inside deeply.

When did you (first) meet your best friend? Conocer por la primera vez = meet not know

I met …

Where did you (first) meet your best friend? Conocer por la primera vez = meet not know

I met …

Vs.

When are you going to meet your best friend next? Quedar con alguien/encontrarse con

How often do you meet your friends? Quedar con alguien/encontrarse con

Vs.

How well do you know your best friend? Conocerle a alguien Profundamente

Do you know who the president of your country is? Saber quien es

Do you really know who the president of your country is as a person? Conocerle profundamente

Is it possible to say that we truly know the people we know?

Vs.

How can you get to know a city/a person really well? Conocerle a alguien profundamente

Vs.

How many cities have you visited?

How did you get to know them when you visited them?

Negative infinitive

Please, answer in the negative

Let’s work on out negative infinitive.

Is it correct or incorrect to use To don’t be?

To be or not to be

Do we use NOT TO BE as the negative infinitive?

Is it also possible nowadays to use TO NOT BE?

Do you prefer to work or not to work at the weekends?

Would you suggest me to eat more or not to eat more for good health?

Would you recommend me to watch the last movie you watched or not to watch it?

Are you here to waste your time or not to waste your time?

Do you advise me to work abroad or not to work abroad?

Negative infinitive

Please, answer in the negative

Let’s work on out negative infinitive.

Is it correct or incorrect to use To don’t be?

To be or not to be

Do we use NOT TO BE as the negative infinitive?

Is it also possible nowadays to use TO NOT BE?

Do you prefer to work or not to work at the weekends?

Would you suggest me to eat more or not to eat more for good health?

Would you recommend me to watch the last movie you watched or not to watch it?

Are you here to waste your time or not to waste your time?

Do you advise me to work abroad or not to work abroad?